Role of Islamic System of Education in Moral Behavior and Spiritual Identity of Muslims

Humans have always had the curiosity to know themselves, to know the world around them, and to know their place in the world. Morality, spirituality and religion are closely intertwined, ‘certain moral ideas became united with certain religious and spiritual ideas to such an extent as to become indistinct from them’. The role of religion in educational institutions is one of the most sensitive and volatile topics on the political and legal landscape now a days especially in country like Pakistan which has been created on religious ideology. The Islamic Way of Life is based on this unique approach to life and a peculiar concept of man's place in the Universe. Islam has provided mankind with the highest possible standard of morality. This moral code, which is both straightforward and practical, provides the individual with innumerable ways to embark upon and then continues the path of moral evolution. By making divine revelation the primary source of knowledge, moral standards are made permanent and stable. The first part of the paper is about the relationship between education and its role as spiritual and moral tool of training. Second part deals with the concept of education in Islam and third part will present types of knowledge in Islam and their application as moral and spiritual tool of education. Last part will give moral and spiritual training methodology in Islamic education. The relationships between ‘moral’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religious’ seem to be akin to the relationships between the cluster ‘social’, ‘human’ and ‘political’. In each of these clusters, only beings of the kind appropriately described by the middle term can engage in activities which could be properly described by the first and third terms. Islam as religion of spirituality and morality gives a frame work to educate and train the students in modeling their life as more moral and spiritual with practical application in this life and success in the hereafter. The chief characteristic of the Islamic Concept of Life is that it does not admit a conflict, nay, not even a significant separation between life-spiritual and life-mundane. It does not confine itself merely in purifying the spiritual and the moral life of man in the limited sense of the word. Its domain extends to the entire gamut of life. It wants to would individual life as well as the social order in healthy patterns, so that the Kingdom of God may really be established on the earth and so that peace contentment and well-being may fill the world as water f ills the oceans.  

Automated Test Data Generation for Model Transformation Testing

Models and their automated transformations play a critical role in Model Driven Engineering (MDE). A significant challenge in testing model transformations is the automated generation of input test models. This involves generating meta-model instances that satisfy constraints defined on the meta-model which includes the constraints on metaelements and the multiplicity constraints. The problem becomes more challenging when the goal is to generate test models that cover specific paths of the transformation code - a common task in structural testing. The thesis proposes a novel search-based test model generation approach for structural testing of model transformations. The approach generates test models to achieve the desired structural coverage of the transformation code. The proposed test model generation strategy considers the constraints specified at the meta-model level and the multiplicity cardinalities of relationships between meta-elements to guide the generation of valid instances of the meta-model. The proposed strategy relies on a fitness function that utilizes the approach level and branch distance to generate instances that can cover the target branch of the transformation code. The approach proposes a number of heuristics as branch distance functions that solve model transformation predicates. A tool Model Transformation Testing Environment (Motter) is developed that automates the proposed approach. Motter takes the source and input meta-models as input and generates instances of test model that provide the required code coverage, for example, branch coverage of the model transformation code. The current implementation of the tool supports two widely used transformation languages, Atlas Transformation Language (ATL) and MOFScript. The thesis empirically evaluates the proposed approach on two transformations case studies, which are implemented in ATL and MOFScript. The case study in ATL is the popular benchmark Class2RDBMS model-to-model transformation case study, and the case study in MOFScript is a model-to-text industrial scale Real-Time Embedded Systems Test Simulation (RTES) code generator. For the empirical evaluation, four different widely search heuristics: Genetic Algorithm (GA), (1+1) Evolutionary Strategy/Algorithm (EA), Alternative Variable Method (AVM), and Random Search (RS) are tested in the comparative study. The result of the empirical evaluation shows that the proposed approach is successful in achieving the desired branch coverage for the selected transformation case studies and that the AVM significantly outperforms other algorithms. AVM has shown promising results in studies focusing on constraints solving, however it has not been used before for the generation of test cases to provide structural testing of model transformations. The result achieved by the AVM in the experiments are aligned with its previously reported performance as it successfully generates test cases and outperforms other algorithms in terms of the number of branches it can cover for both the case studies.