مولوی ریاض حسن خان خیالؔ
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ مظفر پور بہار کے مشہور صاحب علم اور علم دوست رئیس مولوی ریاض حسن خان خیال نے اُناسی (۷۹) سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، وہ اور اُن کے بڑے بھائی مولوی اعجاز حسن خان مرحوم قدیم مشرقی تہذیب و شرافت اور قدامت و وضعداری کا نمونہ تھے اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ان کو دولت دنیا کے ساتھ علم کی دولت سے بھی نوازا تھا اُن کا خاندان صوبہ بہار کے تاریخی اور صاحب وجاہت خاندان میں تھا، دونوں بھائی صاحب علم و نظر اور وسعتِ معلومات کے لحاظ سے زندہ کتب خانہ تھے، اعجاز حسن خان مرحوم کے مضامین الندوہ اور معارف وغیرہ میں نکلتے رہتے تھے، اس علمی ذوق کی بنا پر اُن کے بہت سے ہم عصر اصحاب علم و کمال سے اُن کے تعلقات تھے، مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے خاص دوستوں میں تھے، مکاتیب شبلی میں ریاض حسن خان کے نام کے بہت سے خطوط ہیں، مولانا مرحوم جب پٹنہ جاتے تو انہی کے مہمان ہوتے تھے، اس سلسلہ میں ایک ادبی لطیفہ قابل ذکر ہے۔
ایک مرتبہ مولانا ان کے مہمان تھے، ریاض حسن خان کی طبیعت کچھ نا ساز تھی، وہ دوسرے کمرے میں تھے، مولانا جب اُن کی مزاج پرسی کے لیے پردہ اُٹھا کر کمرہ میں داخل ہوئے تو ریاض حسن خان احتراماً اٹھ کر بیٹھ گئے، مولانا نے فرمایا آپ بیمار ہیں تکلف نہ کیجئے لیٹے رہئے، ریاض حسن خان نے اس کے جواب میں مولانا کا یہ شعر پڑھ دیا۔
باہمہ دعویٰ تمکین نتوان خواست زمن
کہ تو از پردہ بدر آئی و بر جا ہاشم
یہ برجستہ جواب سُن کر مولانا بہت محظوظ ہوئے اعجاز حسن خان مرحوم کا انتقال فروری ۱۹۳۹ء میں ہوا تھا، ۱۴ سال کے بعد چھوٹے بھائی بھی بڑے بھائی سے جاملے، وہ...
The aim of Hijrah is philosophically viewed as a way to spread Islam wisely. This was by Allah’s guidance and directive amidst the very bitter atmosphere in Makkah at that time against the early followers of the Islamic religion brought by the Rasulullah (pbuh). The prophetic Hijrah observed from the way it impacted Makkah and Madinah’s societies can be construed as a very important event that provided us with a variety of messages. It also acts as a reflection of our contributions to da’wah and the roles we can assume as good Muslims, by looking at what the Rasulullah (pbuh) and his companions had themselves sacrificed in the Hijrah. In short, Al-Hijra is the time when the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers moved from Makkah to Madinah, where they set up the first Islamic state. Islam needed to expand and spread in the world, so the migration resulted in the expansion and preservation of Islam and Muslims. The Rasulullah (pbuh) migrated to Madinah when his enemies in Makkah mistreated him and his followers. It is a fact that the early Muslims in Makkah were greatly troubled by the unbelievers of Quraisy, the tribe of the Prophet (pbuh). The Rasulullah’s (pbuh) popularity in his da'wah efforts to invite his people to Islam was seen as threatening by the people in power in Makkah. The context of Hijrah was seen as urgent and timely as the unbelievers in Makkah had escalated the persecution against Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers. This persecution and a directive from Allah were the main reasons for the migration.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are located at the boundary of a cell, and are used for inter-cellular communications. They are mostly found in Eukaryotic cells; but can also be found in some Prokaryote cells. GPCRs modulate synaptic transmission in spinal cord and brain, and can trigger signaling pathways for the regulation of cell proliferation and gene expression. They are physiologically very important and according to an estimate, more than 50% of the marketed drugs target GPCRs. Computational prediction of unknown GPCRs has great importance in pharmacology because, malfunction of GPCRs can cause many diseases. The goal of this thesis is to propose new methods for the classification of GPCRs using Machine Learning approaches. The work in this thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is based on the classification of GPCRs using Machine Learning methods. We analyze biological, statistical, and transform-domain based feature extraction strategies and exploited various physiochemical properties to generate discriminate features of GPCR sequences. We have developed various GPCR classification methods. In the first method, GPCRs are predicted using the hybridization of pseudo amino acid composition and multi scale energy representation of physiochemical properties. In this method, our focus is on the introduction of various physiochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electronic and bulk property). In the second method, GPCRs are predicted using grey incidence degree measure and principal component analysis, whereby relation between various components of GPCR sequences is exploited. In the third method, we perform weighted ensemble classification of GPCRs using evolutionary information and multi-scale energy based features. The weights for each of the classifier are optimized using genetic algorithm, which provides an improvement in classification performance. Second part of the thesis is based on multiple sequence alignment of GPCRs, whereby, we utilize the structural information of GPCRs. The three-dimensional structures of several Rhodopsin like GPCRs have been resolved at atomic resolution and validates the prediction using sequence information alone that GPCRs fold has a bundle of seven transmembrane helices (TMs). The dataset is aligned initially using multiple sequence alignment methods and TMs are extracted. The dataset is composed of 19 sub families of Rhodopsin receptors, belonging to 62 species. Weights are assigned to avoid bias for a particular specie. Position specific scoring matrices (PSSM) are computed for the seven TMs data and pseudo counts are added. Pseudo 2counts are added using conventional Blosum62 scoring matrix. The unknown receptors are classified using PSSMs of the known receptors and by the TM similarity methods. Our research may have valuable contributions in the fields of Bioinformatics, Pattern Classification, and Computational Biology, and has yielded comparable results with the existing approaches. We conclude that our research may help the researchers in further exploring membrane protein classification or any other sub cellular localization classification.