تاریخ کبیر میں امام بخاری کا رواۃ پر تنقید کے اسلوب کاجائزہ

Muḥadithīn have played a dynamic role in the preservation and compilation of Ḥadīth of the Prophet (SAW). Among them the contribution of Imam Bukhārī is unavoidable and remarkable in the field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. Since, he is known “Hafiz and Compiler” and considered as “Imam” and “authority” in the field of both higher and lower criticism. His book "Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr" (08 volumes) is considered as one of the ancient books in field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. This paper aims to describe the methodology of Imam Bukhārī in Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr. He described the biography of thirteen thousand seven hundred and seventy nine only (13779) in alphabetic order. Although his methodology was to mention names of the narrators alphabetically, but in respect with the Prophet (SAW), he gave place to eleven narrators among the companion whom names were started with the names of “Muhammad”. In the Methodology of Imam Bukhārī (RA), it is found that either the narrators are rejected or given authenticity, on the basis of not only his own examinations but he relied on the sayings of other Muḥadithīn as well. It is also pertinent to mention that he awarded degree to a little number of the narrators while left over most of the narrators undecided, because the main objective of the book was to portray the biographies of the narrators rather to make analysis of all the narrators.

The Synthesis of Chiral Compounds of Biological and Synthetic Interest Using Anhydride of L-Tartaric Acid

Chiral protected and deprotected amides were synthesized by using commercially available L-tartaric acid having two asymmetric centers and C2 axis of symmetry. In the synthetic sequence, diacid functionality of L-tartaric acid was protected as dimethyl ester and diol as 1,3-dioxolane. The partial hydrolysis of 1,3-dioxolane dimethyl ester gave the corresponding monoester. Monoester upon treatment with different substituted anilines gave desired amides (2a-2t). Amides (2a-2t) afforded compounds (3a-3t) with the aid of acetyl chloride in methanol. All the compounds were characterized by using sophisticated spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, EI-MS and elemental analysis. The structures of compounds 2g, 2r and 3i were also unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Protected (2a-2l) and deprotected amides (3a-3l) were tested for their antimicrobial activities at different concentrations against different fungal and bacterial strains and were found effective. Monoaryl esters of L-tartaric acid (4a-4h) were prepared and processed further in Fries rearrangement. The structure of compound 4e in the series was also confirmed by X-ray crystallography. N-Linked glycopyranosides (10a-10e) and O-Linked glycopyranosides (11a-11e) were synthesized from monoester of L-tartaric acid. The synthesized compounds were confirmed with the aid of spectroscopic techniques. The structure of compound 11c in the series was supported by X-ray analysis. Antileishmanial activity of the glycopyranosyl amides (10a-10e) and glycopyranosides (11a-11e) was assayed which showed moderate to good activities. Synthesis of glycoconjugates (13a-13e) was carried out by using glycopyranosyl α-trichloroacetimidates and dimethyl-L-tartrate. Chiral imides and amides were prepared from diacetyl-L-tartaric acid anhydride and aliphatic, substituted aromatic amines and amino acids. The imides (14g-14m) were subjected for their antifungal and antibacterial activities against different fungal and bacterial strains. All the compounds showed good antifungal and moderate to good antibacterial activities.