اسلامی اخلاقیات واقدار کے فروغ میں خاندانی ماحول کا کردار؛معاصرانہ چیلنجز اور لائحہ عمل The role of family environment in the development of Islamic ethics and values, Contemporary challenges, and action plan

Islamic rules and moral values are unique in all aspects. The members of Muslim Ummah have always tried to promote them. At the national level, this duty was carried out by people at different levels whether they were teachers, businessmen or lay man of the society. At international level, some rulers, business professionals and religious leaders played their role. Man's first relationship is with family. This relationship is the cornerstone in the development of a personality.  There has been a lot of change taken place in the family system. In the past, due to the limited necessities of life the financial responsibility was limited to a few people. Media was not that advanced and bold and family members were loving and respectful. With the beginning of advance era, human needs were widened and to satisfy them, women started participating in economic activities along with men. Due to which the child was shifted from his home to day care centre, while the media gave birth to the social media, the stories of compassion and care in home became the past. In the present era, there is a dire need to remove these barriers that hinder the development of Islamic values through balance between income and expenditure, positive and moderate use of media and positive attitude in family. These issues will be discussed under the answers to the following questions. What is the role of family in the development of Islamic ethics? What are the problems faced by the family in the development of Islamic moral values? What are the solutions to the present-day problems?  

Fetotoxic Effects Induced by Sodium Arsenate in Mammals and Protective Potential of Gralic Extract

Present research work was planned to study teratological effects of sodium arsenate in developing Mus musculus (mammalian model). Due to deficiencies in literature regarding orally induced teratogenicity of arsenate in developing mammalian embryos, this study was designed. Additionally, garlic (Allium sativum) extract was used to check its protective potential against sodium arsenate induced teratogenicity. LD50 value calculated in pregnant females was 147.00 µg/g B.W. Exposure groups were divided into acute (single exposure group GD6, double exposure group GD6 & 12, multiple exposure group GD6, 9 &12) and sub-acute (continuous GD 6 to12, dose + antidote group GD6 to12). Each acute and sub-acute exposure groups were further divided into three concentrations of sodium arsenate i.e. 18.25 µg/g B.W., 35.50 µg/g B.W. and 75.00 µg/g B.W, based upon the 12.5%, 25% and 50% of calculated LD50 values. Along with acute and sub-acute groups control and vehicle control groups were also maintained. On GD18, the pregnant females were anesthetized and gravid uteri were dissected out. The fetuses were recovered, weighed, observed and were preserved for further studies. A trend of decrease in maternal body weight with increase in concentration and exposure of sodium arsenate was seen together with increased number of still fetuses as compared to control and vehicle control groups. Fetal body weight, CR length, head and eye circumference, limb size and tail length showed a gradual decrease when compared with respective control and vehicle control groups. A dose dependent increase in morphological abnormalities like microcephaly, exencephaly, microphthalmia, anophthalmia, omphalocoel, kyphosis, scoliosis, open eye, runt fetuses and kinky tail were mainly observed during the studies.Histologically, ii defects such as spina bifida, meningomyelocoel, hydrocephaly and enlarged ventricles were noticed. Besides this ventricular septal defects, lungs hypoplasia and ectopia cardis were found in increasing order from acute to sub-acute exposure groups. The 50% fetuses from dose groups 75.00 mg/kg B.W. and 40% from dose group 37.50 mg/kg B.W. displayed decreased ossification as compared with control and vehicle control groups. Fetuses recovered from a group which was given garlic extract along with sodium arsenate exhibited normal development of fetuses except few dead embryos. In this group, fetal body weight, head and eye circumference, limb size and tail length were recorded as normal as controls and vehicle controls. Histologically, dose group 75.00 mg/kg B.W. of sodium arsenate in conjunction with 125 mg/kg B.W. Garlic extract exhibited enlarged ventricles of brain, however, 18.25 and 37.50 mg/kg B.W. + 125 mg/kg B.W. of garlic was observed near to controls and vehicle controls. Based upon the current results, we deduced that sodium arsenate had the potential to induce teratogenic effects in mammals and garlic extract might be a helpful tool against sodium arsenate induced fetotoxicity. There must be some stringent parameters followed by the industries for disposal of arsenate, so that arsenate concentration in drinking water could be managed to avoid exposure to expectant mammals especially the humans.