Adultery, the Ground for Dissolution of Christian Marriage in Pakistan: Intersectional Constraint to Christian Women in Pakistan

Divorce from a distressful and unhappy marital alliance implies emancipation from perpetual pain, abuse, agony and violence but the social stigma attached to a divorced woman casts its shadow for life in the patriarchal and paternalistic socio-cultural settings in Pakistan. Seeking a judicial redress for dissolution of marriage is a legal right that needs to be available equally to both men and women. However, Christian married couples who apply for a divorce, are left with no options except to invoke the charge of adultery under Christian Divorce Act 1869. Proving adultery as a ground for dissolution of marriage stands as an impediment entailing character assassination of the accused and narrows the application of divorce on other grounds, such as domestic violence, abandonment by husbands and cruelty. The clergy representing Christian community fully supports the ground of adultery for dissolution of Christian marriage and vehemently opposes any position that calls for inclusion of nofault divorce. _________

Impact of Business Ethics on Employees Affective Commitment and Employees’ Performance Via Trust in Organization : An Empirical Study on Cellular Operators of Pakistan

This study examines how business ethics (Ethical leadership, Ethical Climate and Organizational Fairness) will have direct and indirect impact on Employees' Affective Commitment, Employees' Job Satisfaction and Employees' Job Performance. This study conducted on cellular operators (Mobilink, Ufone, Telenor, Zong and Warid) of Pakistan. Data were collected through survey questionnaires given personally to 600 employees working in regional and head offices of cellular operators of Pakistan located in four big cities of Punjab Pakistan i.e. Multan, Faisalabad, Lahore and capital city Islamabad. There were 545 questionnaires returned, out of which, 518 dully completed responses were used for the final statistical analysis. The results have shown that three dimensions of business ethics i.e. Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate and Organizational Fairness are supported as significant predictors of Employees' Affective Commitment, Employees' Job Satisfaction and Employees' Job Performance. Moreover Trust in Organization partially mediates the causal relationship between the Business Ethics (Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate and Organizational Fairness) and Employees' Affective Commitment, Employees' Job Satisfaction and Employees' Job Performance. Finally, the study also presents some theoretical and managerial implications, limitations and suggestions for future research.