اسلامی بینکوں میں رائج مضاربت: اصول و تطبیق، دور حاضر کے تناظر میں

Islām is said to be a complete code of conduct. It guides the humanity in every aspect of life. To earn the best living is the aim of every man, for which he earnestly spends his most precious time and energies. In the present era, the economic activities are in close correspondence with the banking system. But, it is a matter of fact that the conventional banking system was not founded on Islamic economic principles, nor does it follow them in the conduct of its affairs. The question arises, are Islām and its academic sources capable to guide us to substitute the conventional banking system. We find that Muḍārabah in an Islamic economic system is an instrument that emanates a number of substitutions to replace the conventional banking. This article discusses Muḍārabah, only. Muḍārabah is a mode of Islamic financing in which one party provides capital and second one employs its expertise to do a business. In the classical Muḍārabah, there were only two parties. One of them is called Rabb al-Māl (Financer) and second Muḍārib (Worker). It was the simplest form of the classical Muḍārabah, but with the passage of time, Muḍārabah evolved into many forms. Now, it has become more complex. The Islamic banks employ Muḍārabah. They are using modern forms of Muḍārabah in their products. People have several misconceptions about Muḍārabah for lack of knowledge about it and its the procedures. This article is an effort to explain the legitimacy of Muḍārabah and its method according to al-Sharī‘ah in the context of the modern Muḍārabah banking.

Elucidating the Genetic Basis of Neurological Disorders in Pakistani Population

Human brain development is a complex process involving many cellular pathways. Pathogenic mutations in genes controlling as a whole or in parts, any of these cellular processes result in neurological disorders. It is basically due to defective signaling function in central or peripheral nervous system. The clinical features of such disorders are extremely diverse and overlapping, with even greater genetic heterogeneity. They may either be simple, having Mendelian inheritance or they may be complex. Genetic factors play very important role both in simple and complex neurological diseases. The consequences of such diseases are usually devastating both for affected individuals, their families and society, mainly by affecting the qualities which make human special as person; the character, memory, cognition, communication and skilled movements. In the present study, 11 consanguineous Pakistani families having neurological disorders of Mendelian inheritance were investigated using next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Rare and disease causing variants mostly occur in coding part of genome. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used as a method of choice in the current study because of the heterogeneous nature of neurological disorders both clinically and genetically. Variants obtained from WES were prioritized based on their inheritance pattern, disease association, functional relevance and pathogenicity score as predicted by different bioinformatics tools such as Mutation Taster and PolyPhen-2. Segregation of all the variants were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Ten novel and one already reported mutation were identified in this study. At present there are no effective treatment strategies available for most of these diseases. Therefore, identification of gene/s and pathogenic variant/s in these diseases will help understand underlying molecular mechanisms better, and lead to improved strategies both for genetic counseling and potential therapeutics