جیل سے خط
شاہی قلعہ سے جیل منتقلی کے بعد اگر کسی سیاسی قیدی کو خط لکھنے کی ضرورت پڑتی تو وہ ضرورت سپرنٹنڈنٹ جیل کے ہفتہ وار دورے کے دوران اجازت طلب کرتا ہے سپرنٹنڈنٹ صرف اپنے قریبی عزیز کو خط لکھنے کی اجازت دیتا ۔دورے کے فوراً بعد جیل کا منشی جو عموماً جیل کے پرانے قیدی ہوتے ہیں بھیجا جا تا وہ خط لکھتا ۔اس کے بعد وہ جیل کا کوئی افسر سینسر کرنے کے بعد سپرد ڈاک کر تا ہمیں خط لکھنا تو درکنار کاغذ پنسل رکھنے کی اجازت نہ تھی پھر بھی ہم بال پین کی ریفل چھپا کر رکھتے تھے اور سگریٹ کی پنیوں کو لیٹر پیڈ کے طور پر استعما ل کرتے اور جو ملاقاتی آتے چھپا کر لے جاتے 1985ء جو نیجو حکومت بننے کے بعد لکھنے پڑھنے کی مکمل آزادی مل گئی اس طرح عزیزوں دوستوں کو خط لکھنے لگے ۔پاکستان کی دوسری جیلوں میں مقید سیاسی قیدیوں سے رابطہ آسان ہو گیا ۔حتی کہ میری آسٹریا،ویا نا میں قید اپنے جیالوں یعقوب چینا اور اور مرزا اختر بیگ سے خط و کتابت ہونے لگی ۔خاص خط پھر بھی باہر کسی دوست کے پتے پر منگوائے جاتے جبکہ عام خط جیل کے پتے پر ہی منگوائے جاتے مگر جیل حکام خط کھول کر دیکھتے پھر اس پر سینسر کی مہر لگاتے اوپر خط میں وہ مبہم سی مہر نظرآ تی ۔
خطوط کا مزہ اس وقت آ یا جب پوری دنیا سے تمام سیاسی قیدیوں کو ایمنسٹی انٹر نیشنل کے ممبران کی طرف یک جہتی اور نیک خواہشات کے سینکڑوں ہزاروں کارڈز ملنے شروع ہوئے مغربی ممالک سے آئے ایمنسٹی انٹر نیشنل کے ممبران ان خطوط کا جیل حکام پر بھی بہت اثر ہوا اور بہتر سے بہتر انداز میں پیش آ...
Upbringing of children is a significant job which is carried out at homes, day care centers, formal and informal schools or institutions. Proper and socially acceptable change in the behavior of young children is needed in every society as per the social, cultural, regional and religious requirements. Different viewpoints are expressed in this regard especially about the use of corporal punishment in upbringing of children. This viewpoint is supported by some people while opposed by other at the same time. Islamic and Bible literature also provides guidance on this subject. The current paper deals with the Corporal punishment of children from the Islamic, Bible and contemporary points of view. Keywords: Bible, Islam, Contemporary Era, Corporal Punishmen
Impact of Drinking Water Contamination Caused by Hattar Industrial Estate on Health and Household Utility Economic activity of industry is posing a serious threat to the health and lives of communities living around. The compromised and unaware behavior of the people is affecting the human health and life and its impact spreads from individual to society in various dimensions. This multidisciplinary study attempts to identify, quantify and analyze the problem of industrial wastewater contamination into the drinking water of the communities and its impact on health and utility at household level. The study is based on primary data and in total 950 households interviewed and 305 drinking water samples collected from area affected by Hattar Industrial Estate (HIE) in Pakistan. The data is collected from two affected villages (Dingi and Motian) situated on the bank of industrial wastewater channel and from one reference village (Khanpur) located upstream with the same socio-economic characteristics as target villages. The study used Geographical Information Systems (GIS), epidemiology, environmental sciences and economic approach to analyze data. Based on laboratory tests, in drinking water of target villages, lead and Nickel is found above the guideline values of the World Health Organization (WHO). Single difference approach of with and without is adopted to analyze its impact. The associated diseases in both selected villages found to be high blood pressure, lipominingocele, renal disease, black gums, skin and joint pains. The statistical relationship between the contaminants and diseases was positive. Other variables of high significance included location, pollution awareness and perception of risk. Based on the principle of household‘s utility maximization three demand equations were estimated: 1. demand for health status, 2. Demand for mitigating activities and 3. Demand for avertive activities. The three demand equations are quantified in terms of marginal willingness to pay; opportunity cost of avertive measures and leisure; economic cost of water pollution; and welfare loss to the community. Marginal willingness to pay is estimated as Rs. 4142.03/- and Rs. 819.6/- per household/per annum for the target villages of Dingi and Motian respectively. Total opportunity cost of avertive measures and leisure for Dingi xi was Rs. 7955/- where for Motian Rs.4260/-. Total economic cost for Dingi and Motian was Rs.11889/- and Rs.10442 per household per annum respectively. The welfare loss to the community due to industrial water contamination was calculated as Rs. 5.8 million per annum for Dingi where Rs. 0.2 million per annum for Motian. The total welfare loss due to water contamination in both selected villages was Rs.6 million per annum. This welfare quantification, if extrapolated to other villages situated on the wastewater channel, can result in high monetary loss to the community. This monetary loss is in addition to the physical and psychological sufferings associated with diseases. The findings of the study cannot be generalized for all pollutants or all locations since it is based on data collected from households affected by heavy metal water contamination caused by HIE in Pakistan. However the majority of developing countries are facing similar types of problems and the results of this study can be helpful in the choice of better policy options. The results suggest that apart from environmental pollution, the economic and behavioral factors also contribute to the prevalence of disease. Therefore, policy initiatives should be focused on specific issues such as decisions on the location of industrial estates; inclusion of environmental awareness in the formal education; motivation to the community for participation in government or Non Government Organization(NGO) run programs for environmental awareness; and adoption of aversion and mitigation measures to save the communities from harmful effects of pollution.