آیتِ کریمہ يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَقُولُوا رَاعِنَا وَقُولُوا انْظُرْنَا سےحجیتِ سدُالذرائع پر ابنِ حزم کےمعارضہ کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the Ibn-e-Hazam’s Objections to Authenticity of the Sadd-o-Zaree'ah

As well as per Shariah, it is admissible and some of the time even mandatory to save the devotees from the activities that might lead them towards the prohibited exercises. Consequently, the decision of denial from these kinds of exercises is called Sadd-e-Zaree'a. This is the guideline derived from the Quran and Sunnah. As Almighty Allah prohibited the devotees to say 'Raina' because this word was utilized by Jews purposely in an off-base way with underhanded aims, while, Muslims introduced their solicitations by this equivalent word in the most elevated court of The Holy Prophet (harmony and gifts arrive) for looking for effortlessness and unwinding in their concerned issues. As in Quran: O People who Believe, don't tell (the Prophet Mohammed-harmony and gifts arrive), "Raina (Be accommodating towards us)" however say, "Unzurna (Look leniently upon us)", and listen mindfully in any case. [Baqarah 2:104]. (To disregard the Holy Prophet - harmony and endowments arrive - is impiety.) Ibn Hazm in his famous book Al-Aḥkām Fī ūṣūl Al-Aḥkām has objected to the mentioned verse from which jurists have taken the argument of Sadd-e-Zaree'a. Because the Zahiri school of thought is based on the appearance of the text (Quran o Hadees). This is why Ibn Hazm Zahiri denies it (the source of Shariah), and proves that accepting the source of Shariah is an increase in religion which is in itself illegitimate as well as the opposition of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). There is also the addition of items by their thoughts in Shariah. In the above article, an analytical study of the objections of Allama Ibn Hazm will be presented, explaining the sources and the arguments as to whether or not their source is Shariah.

Linear and Nonlinear Dynamics of Space and Laboratory Plasma

Linear and non-linear dynamics of di erent electrostatic modes is studied in inhomoge- neous, magnetized and non-Maxwellian plasmas. A linear dispersion relation is obtained for the Ion Temperature Gradient (ITG) mode and numerically analyzed in the presence of dust charge uctuations and Kappa distributed electrons. It is found that these nonthermal pop- ulations reduce the growth rate ITG. It is also noticed that the characteristics of ITG driven vortices change with the value of spectral index, inhomogeneities, scale lengths and dust charge uctuations. Electron Temperature Gradient (ETG) mode is investigated in a collisionless plasma with Kappa distributed ions. Di erent aspects of the ETG-mode are discussed and noticed that these are modi ed with the superthermality e ect of ions e.g., the phase velocity of the ETG- mode. In the nonlinear regime, we found the ETG mode driven vortex structures, where we noticed that the vortex speed and the amplitude changes with the Kappa value and the ion to electron temperature ratio. Further, the ETG mode is discussed by including the parallel electron dynamics. It is noticed that the parallel motion of electrons stabilizes the ETG instability. Thus the possibility of the formation of nonlinear vortex structures increase. These investigations are discussed both for circular and elliptic type dipolar vortices. In this model an eigen mode dispersion relation is also obtained in the ballooning limit. This relation is also modi ed in the presence of non- Maxwellian ions. Electron AcousticWaves (EAW) are studied with non-Maxwellian hot electrons and stationary/non- stationary ions. In this investigation, both the linear and nonlinear propagation of EAW with stationary and non-stationary ions are discussed. It is noticed that the behavior of EAW is di erent for Kappa distributed hot electrons and Cairn''s distributed hot electrons. Superthermality e ect of electrons and ions on the dust charge uctuations and on the low frequency dust drift/acoustic waves is investigated in an inhomogeneous dusty plasma. It is noticed that this superthermality e ect of ions and electrons reduces the growth rate of the instability due to dust charge uctuations. It is found that dust charge and the superthermalty e ect of ion and electrons reduce the growth rate of instability. In the nonlinear regime, the condition for the existence of dust drift/ acoustic wave driven vortices modi es due to spectral index Kappa. Further, we have investigated the ITG driven solitons and shocks for the electron-ion plasmas for thest time. In this case, it is noticed that the amplitude of the soliton decreases and width of the soliton increases with the increase in ion temperature. In the case of dissipated electron- ion plasmas, the amplitude of the shock increases for with an increase in thei value.