اسلام اور یہودیت میں تصور طلاق کا تقابلی جائزہ

A Comparative Review of Divorce in Islam and Judaism The theme of exchange among religions and similar investigation of religions has turned out to be significant in the current time. Many religious scholars have presented a comparative overview of the subject of many commandments and beliefs in religions, but the issue of divorce in Jews and Islam as a regular subject is almost never discussed. Although it is mentioned as an ancillary subject, such books were written on the topics of marriage and divorce in world religions. But question is, why is divorce comparative review important in Judaism and Islam? Because most of the believers in Islam and Judaism are based on their religious teachings and worried about the problem of rising numbers of divorces. According to the principles of comparative study the researchers have tried to do work on this topic in an objective manner. Finally, it has been concluded that the teachings of these two religions are in principle quite alike. While there is some disagreement on the side issues that open the door to mutual dialogue, it is possible that through comparative research on other topics between these two religions is conducted it will provide further avenues of dialogue and mutual understanding between two major revealed religious traditions.

A Case Study of Teacher Leadership in a Private Sector School in Karachi

Teachers are often at the lower end of hierarchical school leadership structure. However, school improvement literature suggests a non-hierarchical model, where teachers are key players in bringing about change, is more effective. Distributed leadership has been proposed and one approach to the distribution of leadership in schools is teacher leadership. Teacher leadership recognizes the important contribution of teachers to school improvement and brings to the fore the emergence of excellent teachers who have demonstrated leadership capabilities at the same time. This study explores perceptions and practices of teacher leadership in an established non-profit private school in Karachi, Pakistan. A qualitative research approach was adopted, specifically case study methodology. A private school was chosen as the research site and the participants included 4 teachers and the school’s principal. Data was collected via one on one semi structured interviews, teacher observations, field notes and review of school documents. The study found that all 4 teachers perform leadership roles in their individual capacity, they are all informal teacher leaders and do not require a formal leadership title or position. It is believed that all teachers possess certain leadership qualities and their potentials as leaders are geared towards improving student learning and raising students’ performance standards in collaboration with colleagues and the school’s leadership. The issues related to major policy shift are usually outside of teachers’ field of action. The data suggests that teachers flourish their leadership skills in their areas of interest and expertise. So teachers’ buying in job responsibilities is crucial as they do not bring innovation in the work imposed on them. The biggest hurdle in teacher leader practices is lack of time and opportunities available to them for collaboration and group decision making. Recommendations from this study include recognizing teacher leadership in the school’s reform agenda, encouraging teacher leaders to accept leadership work and giving attention to developmental programmes for teacher leaders.