البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

Enhanced Production of Biofuel from Sugar Industry Waste

The continuous upturn in the cost of petroleum and increasing energy crises has directed the world’s interest to focus on alternative renewable energy resources. Recently, bioethanol is emerging as an alternative fuel to substitute gasoline, which is petroleum derived source of conventional energy. A significant variety of feedstocks can be used for the production of bioethanol; however, sugar industry waste is considered as the best option to evade food vs. fuel debate. In this study, two industrial wastes i.e. sugarcane molasses and bagasse were converted to bioethanol using different microbial strains and pretreatment strategies. To improve bioethanol production, different yeast strains were isolated from numerous sources, and MZ-4 labeled strain was selected on the basis of its maximum ethanol tolerance i.e. 15% (v/v). MZ-4 strain was then identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 18SrRNA sequencing, and later compared with a comparatively better commercially available strain Lalvin EC-1118 strain, which was maximally tolerant to 18% (v/v) ethanol. The physicochemical parameters were optimized for both strains independently. During batch fermentation by strain MZ-4, the maximum ethanol yield was determined as 11.1% (v/v) with 69.3% fermentation efficiency, when pH 5 was adjusted for molasses dilution containing 25% (w/v) sugar concentration with 10% inoculum before incubation at 33°C for 72 h. However, Lalvin EC-1118 strain showed comparatively less ethanol yield of 10.9% (v/v) with fermentation efficiency of 68.1% under its optimal conditions i.e. pH 4.5; inoculum size of 7.5% and incubation at 30°C for 72 h. Additionally, the study on effect of various nitrogen sources showed that, MZ-4 produced more ethanol when 0.1% (w/v) NH 4 Cl was added; whereas, Lalvin EC-1118 demonstrated better production after the addition of 0.1% (w/v) (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 . Moreover, it was also observed that MZ-4 and Lalvin EC-1118 exhibited better yields when 0.01 and 0.04% (w/v) of K 4 Fe(CN) 6 was used respectively, as a chelating agent. During the fed batch fermentation, Lalvin EC-1118 produced a greater ethanol yield of 13.9% with fermentation efficiency of 81.1%, when 1.090 specific gravity of molasses dilution was adjusted and fed after every 12 h. However, the strain MZ-4 showed better fermentation efficiency of 83.2% with comparatively less Enhanced production of biofuel from sugar industry waste Page xviiiethanol yield i.e. 13.5% (v/v) by using molasses dilution of same specific gravity and 24 h feeding interval. Meanwhile, one of the main challenges for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic material such as sugarcane bagasse is the recalcitrance of the biomass. A second study evaluated the efficiency of an ionic liquid (IL) i.e. 1- butyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([C 4 mim][OAc]) pretreatment at 110°C for 30 min, and compared it with high temperature autohydrolysis pretreatment (i.e. 110°C for 30 min, 190°C for 10 min and 205°C for 6 min). It was found that sugarcane bagasse exhibited a considerable decrease in lignin content, reduced cellulose crystallinity, and enhanced cellulose and xylan digestibility, when subjected to IL pretreatment. Pretreated samples were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to verify these findings. Altogether, cellulose and xylan digestibility of IL pretreated bagasse was determined as 97.4 and 98.6% after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. In the case of autohydrolysis, the maximum of cellulose and xylan digestibility was determined after 72 h as 62.1 and 5.7% from bagasse pretreated at 205°C for 6 min, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis also showed a significant reduction in crystallinity of IL pretreated bagasse samples. During fermentation process, IL pretreated and autohydrolyzed bagasse (205°C for 6 min) exhibited maximum ethanol production of 78.8 and 70.9 mg/g substrate after 24 h of fermentation, respectively. Comparatively, the fermentation of bagasse autohydrolyzed at 190°C for 10 min and 110°C for 30 min yielded maximum ethanol of 66.0 and 28.4 mg/g substrate by using S. cerevisiae Lalvin EC-1118, respectively. Thus it can be concluded that, fed batch fermentation is employed for the maximum ethanol yield from sugarcane molasses using Lalvin EC-1118 strain, while IL pretreated bagasse gives maximum yield when fermented with strain MZ-4.