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Dynamic Aggregate Private Expenditure Function and its Determinents in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Jahangir Afsar

Department

Deptt. of Economics, QAU.

Program

MSc

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1997

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

46

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Sc ECO/245

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676716426730

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غزل

اگرچہ ہے جہان- فن، ستم خانہ سا لگتا ہے
مجھے کوئی بتائے یہ، محبت ہے کہاں ملتی
یہ دل جس کو خدا نے آپ اپنا گھر بنایا ہے
نہ آنے کی خوشی اس میں  نہ جانے کی خوشی اس سے
بھلے آباد ہو دنیا بھلے میلے ہوں ہر جانب
نہ ہی رسم و رہ- الفت نہ رشتوں میں ہی طاقت ہے
بڑی ویرانیاں ہر سو ،فریحہ ہو کا عالم ہے

 

یہاں جو دیکھتا ہے خواب دیوانہ سا لگتا ہے
کوئی جو ڈھونڈنے نکلے تو افسانہ سا لگتا ہے
مگر جو جھانک کر دیکھوں تو بت خانہ سا لگتا ہے
یہ عالم سچ میں ایسا ہے کہ میخانہ سا لگتا ہے
کسی کا دل جو ٹوٹا ہو تو ویرانہ سا لگتا ہے
جسے بھی غور سے دیکھو وہ بیگانہ سا لگتا ہے
خوشی کا ایک لمحہ بھی تو نذرانہ سا لگتا ہے

غیر مسلموں کے لیے نئی عبادت گاہ کی تعمیر اور دستورِپاکستان میں مذہبی مساوات کا قانون ایک مختصر آئینی اور قانونی جائزہ

Quranic verses, Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH, Traditions of his companions, Ijma’ of thirteen centuries, and present-day religious institutions fatwas declares clearly that the construction of new temples in Islamic countries are prohibited. On the other hand, in modern National states and prevailing Western politics, there is not only permission but also a clear assurance of religious equality. In the Pakistani Constitution, as in other countries, Article 20 guarantees to non-Muslims that they will not be discriminated against on the basis of religion. What is the appropriate solution to this situation in Pakistani law and what are the views of the country's laws and court decisions? Below are the legal details on this.

Developing Students Speaking Skills in a Multilingual Classroom

In Pakistan English, as a Foreign and as a Second Language, is being taught from primary classes. In such classes teaching is based on rote-memorization with little meaningful activities. Teachers provide very few opportunities to students to relate their learning with their experiences in daily life. Students are mostly asked to listen passively to the teacher or read from the textbook and copy down the answers from the blackboard or from the textbook and memorize them in order to re produce them in the examinations. The study was undertaken to explore how ESL teachers could be helped to develop their students' speaking skills in ESL multilingual classroom. Using an action research approach within the qualitative paradigm, the students were engaged in different activities, which allowed the teacher and the researcher to examine the effectiveness of the strategies employed in developing students' speaking skills in English. Data collection in this study occurred in three stages. At the reconnaissance stage, observations and semi-structured interview were conducted in order to explore the teacher's understanding, and her existing practices in developing students' speaking skills in English. At the initial implementation stage, the researcher tried and tested out some strategies recommended as effective in developing students' speaking skills in English in order to examine their effectiveness in developing students' speaking skills in the multilingual school contexts, where this research was conducted. At the second implementation stage, the participant teacher was provided with the opportunity to try out the strategies in her classroom, and see the effectiveness of the strategies in developing students speaking skills in English.