ہفت افلاک کا عنوان ہوا کرتا تھا : جب ستارہ مر ا ذیشان ہوا کرتا تھا
چین اس کو بھی گھڑی بھر کو میسر نہیں تھا : اُن دنوں میں بھی پریشان ہوا کرتا تھا
اُن دنوں دھول تھی اتنی نہ دھؤاں پھیلا تھا : دیکھ لینا تجھے آسان ہوا کرتا تھا
خال و خد حسن کا معیار بڑھا دیتے ہیں : میں اُسے دیکھ کے حیران ہوا کرتا تھا
پھر کسی نے دلِ ویران کا در باز کیا : یہ علاقہ تو بیابان ہوا کرتا تھا
ہے کوئی اُس سا حسیں شخص تو آگے آئے
پورے کیمپس میں یہ اعلان ہوا کرتا تھا
٭
آج محفل میں اسے دیکھ کے یاد آئی بہت
داستاں چاند کی جو ہم نے سنی نانی سے
اس ستم گر سے مجھے زخم ملیں گے جتنے
وہ منالے گا مجھے اتنی ہی آسانی سے
جب سے آئے ہیں خریدار چراغوں کے نوید
تیرگی بڑھنے لگی شہر میں تابانی سے
The comparative study of civilizations, their conflicts, clashes and their harmony are the significant issues of this era. It's a reality that in the present clash of civilizations, Islam is being pushed to a tight corner. The Islamic world today is facing severe challenges and odd circumstances in maintaining their vital values and re-establishing their identity and gaining their due place in the modern world because some of the western thinkers believe that after demolishing the Soviet Union, their next encounter would be with the ideology of Islam. In this situation, the comparison of civilizations and their comprehension has acquired a significant place and it is necessary to highlight the essential elements of various civilizations in such a way that they can sustain their individuality and the misunderstandings among them may be removed to create a peaceful atmosphere which is based on love, mutual tolerance, co-existence and the supremacy of basic human rights so that the world may return to the merger of various civilizations and harmony among different religions. Allama Iqbal is the thinker who has shown extraordinary depth in his approach towards the study of Islam and the western world, highlighting their differences and the traditions, points and levels of their merger and harmony with a balanced and impartial approach. It's necessary to comprehend Iqbal's ideas keeping in view the history of Islam and the western world, the current demands of the present age and considering organized, solid, argumentative analysis in an objective way revealing the soul of Islam and the spirit of the west in context of Iqbal's philosophy so that the modern world can move towards a peaceful and creative situation. Dr. Mehmood Ahmad Ghazi was the realization of Iqbal's dream. He is simultaneously an educationist, a great researcher and an illustrator and interpreter of the Holy Quran and narrator of Hadiths. His personality was equally well versed in Islamic art and learning and all their offshoot disciplines. It's the trait of his personality that in spite of travelling far and wide and having done a vast study, he is not impressed at all except by the ideology of Islam. He has very successfully passed on the ancient heritage to its modern heirs with honesty, skill and sagacity. Here an effort has been made to present a review of his views where he has propounded a critical, analytical and scholarly analysis of the western world.
Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. With advancements in high throughput technologies and availability of data on gene regulations, knowledge about progression of cancer has improved and it is now viewed as a complex multifaceted systems level disease. Despite heterogeneity of the malignancies, key functions in development of cancer are common. The alteration of glucose metabolism is considered as important hallmark of cancer and an essential factor towards cell growth and invasion. Increased flux of glucose through the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) drives increased cellular O-GlcNacylation and contributes to cancer progression. However, the role of HBP in activation of key oncogenes and progression of cancer is poorly characterized. In this study, a systems-biology approach based on qualitative modelling framework (proposed by René Thomas) is used to investigate the role of HBP in activation of oncogenes that lead to cancer progression. In qualitative modelling approach, dynamic behavior of the system under investigation is determined by model parameters which are not known in advance. The parameter estimation required for qualitative modelling is computationally intensive task and takes lot of processing time. By using parallel computing, we address computationally challenging aspects of qualitative modelling which involve parameters estimation and identification of important trajectories in the model. Methodology: The methodology used to investigate the role of HBP in progression of cancer is based on qualitative modelling, model-checking, network 1 Abstract analysis using betweenness centrality and petri net modelling approach. First, in order to construct a qualitative model, key regulatory entities from the literature are incorporated in the model. Second, model parameters are computed from observations using the model-checking technology. The total number of model parameters increases exponentially with increase in number of entities. In order to cope with the complexity of parameters estimation for qualitative modelling, we use a Java based software MPJ-Express for parallelization of sequential implementation of SMBioNet software. The parallel approach divides the parameter space into different regions and each region is explored concurrently on multicore and cluster platforms. Third, from the computed set of model parameters, a dynamic qualitative model is constructed by using GinSim software. The dynamic model cannot be analyzed manually because of large number of trajectories. Hence, centrality based network analysis is carried out by using Cytoscape software for identification of important trajectories. These trajectories are further analyzed by investigating step-by-step alterations in gene expressions that lead to activation of key oncogenes and development of cancer. Fourth, hybrid modelling is carried out to compute delay constraints using HyTech model-checker. These delay constraints highlight logical relationships between synthesis and degradation rates of important genes in the model. Finally, a stochastic petri net model is developed using Snoopy software for validation of delay constraints. Results: The experimental results indicate O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) as a key regulator that promotes oncogenesis in a feedback mechanism through the stabilization of C-Myc. The absence of p53-Mdm2 oscillation 2 Abstract is identified as another important contributor towards progression of cancer. Silencing of OGT and C-Myc loop reduces the glycolytic flux, while restoration of P53-Mdm2 oscillations leads to recovery and restoration of homeostasis. Together, our findings suggest potential targets that may provide a mechanismbased therapeutic approach for regulation of hyper-O-GlcNacylation in human cancer. The parallel approach presented in the study reduces processing time for parameter estimation for our qualitative model of the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway and achieves almost linear speed-up on multicore and cluster platforms . The Parallel-SMBioNet implementation for logical parameters estimation is provided at http://systemsbiology.tools. Conclusion: We use a formal modelling approach to study the function of the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway, which triggers hyper O-GlcNAcylation. Within the p53-Mdm2 circuit, we compute important delay constraints involving synthesis rates in order to restore homeostasis. We analyze different simulation trajectories, which showed that enhanced expression of O-GlcNAc-transferase (OGT) consistently upregulates NF-κB, PI3K and FoxM1. Moreover, persistent activation of OGT through c-Myc drives the system to a deadlock state from where recovery is not possible. These findings suggest that OGT is acting as a critical mediator of various oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins implicated in tumor growth and development. We acknowledge that our findings are derived from a qualitative approach and could be dependent on cellular dynamics and environment. However, these discoveries form the foundation and direction of future translational research studies to design a quantitative model with additional 3 Abstract tools and experimental verification for the development of molecular therapeutics. Taken together, mechanism-based therapies that are designed to target hyper O-GlcNAcylation and OGT may hold clinical benefits in the treatment of cancer.