رفیع احمد قدوائی
تمام ملک میں بڑے رنج و اندوہ کے ساتھ سنا گیا کہ جناب رفیع احمد صاحب قدوائی نے اچانک ۲۴/اکتوبر کی شام کونئی دہلی میں وفات پائی۔بڑے آدمی،عام آدمیوں بلکہ ذی حیات کی طرح پیدا بھی ہوتے ہیں اورمرتے بھی ہیں اوران کا ماتم بھی کیاجاتاہے۔ لیکن قدوائی صاحب کامرنا ملک کے ہرطبقہ اورہرگروہ میں،مردوں اور عورتوں کو، بوڑھوں اورجوانوں کو ایسا محسوس ہواکہ گویا ان کاکوئی قریبی اوربہت ہی عزیز رشتہ دار ان سے باتیں کرتے کرتے اچانک ان سے ہمیشہ کے لیے جداہوگیاہے اوراب وہ پھر کبھی واپس نہیں ملے گا۔ سبب یہ ہے کہ مرحوم اپنے دل ودماغ کی غیر معمولی صلاحیتوں کی وجہ سے جتنے ایک بڑے انسان تھے اپنے حددرجہ خلوص،مسلسل خدمت اوربے لوث حب ِوطن کے باعث اتنے ہی ہردلعزیز بھی تھے۔وہ جس طرح جنگ آزادی کے میدان کے بہادر سپاہی تھے اسی طرح ایک بیدار مغز مدبر حکمراں بھی تھے۔دونوں حالتوں میں ان کے ہرعمل کامحرک ان کا جذبۂ خدمت ملک وقوم تھا وہ جس طرح ایک بہادر سپاہی کی حیثیت سے اپنے ذاتی عیش وآرام کے خیال سے کوسوں دور رہے اسی طرح وزارت پرفائز ہونے کے بعد وہ راحت وتن آسانی کے تصور سے ناآشنا وبیگانہ تھے۔ ان کی زندگی سرتاسر عمل اور حرکت تھی۔ بولتے کم تھے اورکام زیادہ کرتے تھے۔صاف دماغی اوربے تعصبی کے ساتھ ہرمسئلہ پرغور کرتے تھے اور آخرجب کسی نتیجہ پرپہنچ جاتے تھے توعمل کی اپنی پوری طاقتوں اورصلاحیتوں کے ساتھ اسے کرڈالنے پر تل جاتے تھے۔ملک کے سب سے پیچیدہ مسئلہ خوراک کوانھوں نے جس کامیابی کے ساتھ حل کردیا وہ اس ملک کی تاریخ مابعد آزادی میں یادگار رہے گا۔اس کارنامہ کودیکھ کر سیاسیات واقتصادیات کے ہر طالب علم کومحسوس کرنا چاہیے کہ کسی ملک کی بڑی سے بڑی گتھی کوسلجھانے کے لیے افلاطون وارسطو کی عقل اتنی...
According to Qur’an, the difference of opinion among peoples of the world is natural and something that will always be there. However, in order to stop the difference from becoming a conflict, people should hold dialogue. The significance of dialogue in Islam is well understood by the fact that God chose to hold dialogue with angels concerning the creation of man. Furthermore, the Qur’an declares dialogue the greater jihad and arrangement of a successful dialogue is considered as a manifest victory In order to arrange a successful dialogue, Qur’an lays out a number of principles: 1- Dialogue should be held in such a nice way that it may lead the opponent to get a close friend. For this it is necessary to speak mildly and the dialogue must be based on wisdom and sincerity. 2- Dialogue should rest on the principle of mutual respect and should not contain any kind of abusive and taunting language. 3- Dialogue must not override the principle of justice and equality and must not be affected by the past experiences or personal grievances towards the opponent. 4- Dialogue should not address the issue of pulling everyone together, e.g. The opponent (for example a nation) should not be blamed for the evil deeds of few. 5- Dialogue should be held with an attitude that is characterized by patience and tolerance and efforts must be made to keep the vicious elements out from harming the process. 6- Both parties should openly acknowledge and recognize the mutually positive attributes. 7- Imposing one’s opinions upon the opponent must not be the objective of dialogue. 8- Both parties should, despite the inherent difference of opinion, pursue to find practical solutions by striving towards finding a common ground.
The present PhD dissertation has completed research on results related to flow behavior due to shear stress on the boundary of some Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids under different circumstances. Firstly, we have discussed some concepts related to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, constitutive equations, equations of motion and integral transforms. Secondly, we have presented the exact solutions of velocity, temperature and shear stress fields corresponding to some flows of Newtonian, second grade, Maxwell and Oldroyd-B fluids. We have established general solutions for the unsteady free convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid due to an infinite vertical plate that applies a shear stress f (t) to the fluid, when thermal radiation and porous effects are considered. These general solutions may generate a large class of exact solutions corresponding to different motions with technical relevance. Some special cases are investigated under the effects of pertinent parameters on the fluid motion. Unsteady motion of second grade fluids induced by an infinite plate that applies a time-dependent shear stress f (t) to the fluid is also studied. General solutions may be reduced to new solutions of Newtonian fluids or they may be used to obtain known solutions from the literature. Furthermore, in view of an important remark, general solutions for the flow due to a moving plate may be developed. We have also studied the Couette flows of a Maxwell fluid caused by the bottom plate applying shear stress on the fluid. Exact expressions for velocity and shear stress corresponding to the fluid motion are determined using the Laplace transform. Two particular cases with constant shear stress on the bottom plate or sinusoidal oscillations of the wall shear stress are further discussed. Some important charac- teristics of fluid motion are highlighted through graphs. The unsteady motion of an Oldroyd-B fluid over an infinite flat plate is studied by means of the Laplace and Fourier transforms. After time t = 0, the plate applies cosine/sine oscillating shear stress to the fluid. The solutions obtained are presented viii as a sum of steady-state and transient solutions, which may easily be reduced to the similar solutions corresponding to Newtonian or Maxwell fluids. A central issue namely, obtaining the time for which the steady-state is reached is address by means of numerical calculations and graphical illustrations. The influence of oscillations frequency or of material parameters on this time corresponding to the steady-state is also analyzed. It is lower for cosine oscillations in comparison to sine oscillations of the shear, decreases with respect to ω and λ and increases with regard to λr .