نور حسین نور میواتی
نور حسین نور میواتی(۱۹۴۵ئ۔پ) چوہان کی ریاست الور(بھارت) کے علاقہ سپوات میں پیدا ہوئے ۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد ان کے والدین بھارت سے ہجرت کر کے موضع رام رائیاں تحصیل ڈسکہ میں آباد ہو گئے۔ (۹۶۵) نور میواتی نظم گو اور غزل گو شاعرہیں۔ ان کے ہاں روایت اور جدت کا امتزاج ملتا ہے۔ وہ طبقاتی تفاوت کے خلاف اپنی شاعری میں نفرت آمیز احتجاج کی صدا بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے ہاں سیاسی اور سماجی شعور بھی ملتا ہے۔ انھیں بھوک، غربت، جبر ،اقربا پروری اور نا انصافی سے نفرت ہے۔ وہ اپنی شاعری میں ظلم و ستم ،بد امنی ،خوف ،دہشت گردی اور منافقت سے بھر پور استحصالی نظام کے خلاف صدائے احتجاج بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں:
رہتے ہیں شب و روز دھماکوں کے جہاں میں
ہر صبح نئی آہ و بکا دیکھ رہا ہوں
مکتب میں سیاست کی ہوا دیکھ رہا ہوں
قانون کو پائوں میں دبا دیکھ رہا ہوں (۹۶۶)
نور میواتی کی شاعری مبالغہ آرائی سے پاک ہے ۔وہ ایک حقیقت پسند انسان اور فنکار ہیں۔ وہ اپنی فن کاری میں حقیقت اور حق گوئی کو نظر انداز نہیں کر تے۔ سچائی اور صداقت ان کی شاعری کی ایک اہم خوبی ہے۔ انسانی زندگی غم اور خوشی کا مجموعہ ہے۔ ایسا نہیں کہ جس کے پاس غم ہے اس کے پاس خوشی نہیں اور ایسا بھی نہیں کہ جس کا دامن خوشیوں سے بھرا ہووہ غم سے دو چار نہیں ہوتا۔ میواتی انسان کی زندگی کی تلخ حقیقت کو جا بجا اپنی شاعری میں بیان کرتے ہیں۔ چند اشعار پیشِ خدمت ہیں:
گلوں کے دیس میں کانٹے بھی مہک جاتے ہیں
فضائے برق میں غنچے بھی دہک جاتے ہیں(۹۶۷)
جوہروں کی تلاش میں نکلا
دامن بھر لیا انگاروں سے
تہہ دریا ڈھونڈ کر...
Despite the greenness of youth, it is a moment in a Muslim's life when his belief is likely to be hardened frequently by enticements and temptations. It is the responsibility of young Muslims to triumph over these enticements and protect their Islamic way of life, obey the teachings of Prophet, share Islam with others and study the teachings of the Holy Qur’ān. After the fulfillment of these essential obligations, young Muslims are predictable above all to play a significant role in reformation of society. Within the Muslim circle, it is supposed that youth is the most imperative period of life. Youth as bone of nation plays a vital role. They have the capacity to build nation of towards success in all the fields of life by utilizing the abilities. This is the time in which opinions, habits and beliefs are formed, and it is vital for the time to be spent in individual development. For instance, Muslim youth should dedicate themselves into making and spreading the glimpses of Sīrah in society; by avoiding the temptations of time in loneliners and solitude andwith the opposite sex and of seeking knowledge by following the preaching’s of Prophet Muhammad (r). In this way, Muslim youth will be a spiritually strong enough to serve as a role model for other young people and society as whole. The article manifests the same components in the light of teachings of Holy prophet (r). Consolidating with Qur'anic verses, imminent exegetical literature and sayings of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (r), youth can play an active and positive role in reformation and development of society.
This thesis provides new inside in the scanty literature related to consumption hypotheses in Pakistan. The earlier studies were based on aggregate data and none of the study estimated the consumption functions by using the household data. Therefore one the early contribution of my dissertation is; it employed cross sectional data of Pakistani household sector. Another contribution of my dissertation is that it examined three main consumption functions Absoluteincome hypothesis, lifecycle hypothesis and permanent-income hypothesis, using latest available aggregate data set. Third significant contribution of this thesis is that it examines first time the adaptive-expectation model for permanent-income hypothesis in Pakistan. The fourth contribution of the thesis is to use first time the channel of saving, growth, consumption and wealth to explore the life-cycle hypothesis in Pakistan. The time frame(s) for analyses are different, depending on the household and aggregate data. At macro level, annual aggregate data series from 1973 to 2015 has been employed. The data series has been taken from Annual Reports of State Bank of Pakistan, and various issues of Economic Survey of Pakistan. For household level analysis this thesis is based on the cross-sectional data of Pakistan household-integrated-economic-survey (HIES) 2015-16 which had been especially designed for the household-integrated-income and consumption survey (HICS). In the first stage, empirical consumption functions based on the absolute-income hypothesis have been estimated. The results show that the income has significant and positive effect on consumption. The estimated marginal propensity to consume under this hypothesis was 0.78. More specifically, the results of the study strongly support the absolute-income hypothesis for Pakistan and also support the Keynesian assertions i.e. the MPC is less than one, APC is greater than MPC and the elasticity is also less than unity. The lifecycle hypothesis is examined under two different assertions, where one is related to consumption and wealth relationship and the other is based on the saving and income growth relationship, however the results of our studies do not support the lifecycle hypothesis of Modigliani (1989) & Modigliani and Shi (2004). Similarly, two different variants of the permanent-income hypothesis have also been examined at aggregate level. The first variant of permanent-income hypothesis in case of Pakistan is based on the Flavin (1981) modified model and the second variant of permanent-income is examined under the assumptions of adaptive-expectations model. The results based on both of these studies do not provide any evidence in favor of the permanent-income hypothesis at aggregate level. The household level analysis tests the efficacy of absolute-income, lifecycle hypothesis and permanent income hypothesis in case of Pakistan. Where the results of lifecycle hypothesis are against the lifecycle assertion and support the absolute-income hypothesis. The results of permanent income hypothesis rejected the strict version of the Friedman theory; and found strong support for the loose version of permanent-income hypothesis. These results are consistent with the findings of Vakil (1973) who reported the similar findings in case of India. The results of this dissertation show that in case of Pakistan the available data do not support any consumption theory except the absolute-income hypothesis, neither at aggregate level nor at household level, which is a common phenomenon of the developing economies.Few reasons can be offered in support of theses rejections, as it may be due to the primitive society of Pakistan which has low literacy rate and unawareness of primary macroeconomic variables. Second reason is the non-availability or lack of borrowing facilitates, as the financial market is relatively narrow in Pakistan. Third reason may be the religious and cultural aspects of our society where current consumption is not sacrificed over future consumption. In the same way the rejection of the permanent-income hypothesis indicates that the Pakistani people are shortsighted and less informed and they do not plan for their entire life span. The recommendation for policy are very straight forward under the absolute-income hypothesis as if the policy maker wants to increase the welfare and standard of living of the people through increasing the consumption they just need to increase the income of the citizens, without having the difficulty that which part of the income needs to be raised.