اہلیہ، مولانا محمد انور شاہ الکشمیری
حضرت الاستاذ مولانا محمد انور الکشمیری کے ہزاروں تلامذہ اورارادت مندوں کو جوبرصغیر میں پھیلے ہوئے ہیں، یہ معلوم کرکے بڑاملال ہوگا کہ حضرت موصوف کی اہلیہ جنھیں ہم سب’’اماں جی‘‘کہا کرتے تھے، جون کے آخری ہفتے میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہہ کر اس خاکدان سے رخصت ہوگئیں۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
مرحومہ بڑی خوبیوں اوراعلیٰ صفات وکمال کی خاتون تھیں۔حضرت شاہ صاحب ایسے شوہر کی وفات کے بعد انھوں نے زندگی جس صبرورضا اوراستقلال و توکل کے ساتھ بسر کی ہے وہ انھی کاحصہ تھی۔کئی برس سے کینسر جیسے موذی مرض میں مبتلا تھیں۔سعادت مند اولاد نے بڑے سے بڑے علاج معالجہ میں کوئی کسر اٹھا کے نہیں رکھی لیکن وہ کینسر ہی کیا جس سے مریض جانبر ہوجائے۔اس مرض سے مرحومہ نے جوغیر معمولی تکلیف برداشت کی ہیں وہ یقینا ان کے لیے درجۂ شہادت کی ضامن ہیں۔ اپنی اولاد معنوی کے ساتھ وہی تعلق رکھتی تھیں جو خود حضرت الاستاذ کو تھا۔ان کانفس وجود ہم لوگوں کے لیے سرمایۂ خیروبرکت تھا۔ افسوس اب یہ بھی ختم ہوا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ کروٹ کروٹ جنت نصیب فرمائے اور صدیقین اورشہداء کامقام عطا ہو۔آمین۔ [جولائی۱۹۶۷ء]
The question of the end of morality is certainly as old as moral speculation itself. It is this question that prompted Aristotle speculating on moral or character virtue. Moral question is properly a human question since only human beings are expected to act in a given way and are subject to praise and reward or blame and punishment. We should remember that also God and angels are expected to act in a given way, but that would, strictly speaking, be the subject of moral theology and revelation, since without revelation depending only on reason, we cannot examine the acts of God and angels in order to determine how they should act. In short, it is only human beings who can be judged to act morally or immorally if we depend only on human reason, without the support of revelation. In the whole work, Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham stick on happiness, though each differ in approaches. Consequentialists are after the greatest happiness of the greatest number, by advocating on the struggle to that which may make man happy and avoid evil by all means. Aristotle on his side is on eudaimonism, where man is found to be happy but moral happy. Happiness for Aristotle should be reasonable, morally good and means should be maintained. This research is analytical by nature, where both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented throughout the work. The work has been successful though some challenges could not be avoided. Finally, in doing or acting, man should observe virtue; and this is always doing good and avoiding evil.
Crude oil after preliminary treatments is subjected to refining so as to get marketable products like naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oil feed stock, furnace oil, etc. A large amount of asphalt/bitumen is left over as residue. Owing to its high viscosity, density and contamination by sediments as well as high asphaltene and resin contents, the residue cannot be directly used as a boiler fuel and instead used for non-fuel purposes. The global demand for energy continues and will increase over the next few decades as the world''s energy consumption will increase phenomenally in the next few decades. Alternative energy sources like nuclear and renewable energy have attracted much attention in the recent years, however, the main role of these sources, will be to supplant, rather than to substitute the fossil fuels. Therefore, major breakthroughs in the oil industry''s core science and engineering are needed so as to meet with the World''s growing energy demand for petro-fuels. The high yields of residue/residuum is an ongoing challenge at a refinery and economic & strategic reasons demands the exploitation of residual streams. Accordingly, the selection of proper processes may play a key role so as to cope with the challenge. The objective of the present thesis was to employ atmospheric distillation process using three crude oils dispersed with chemical surfactants in order to get lighter fuel fractions in high yields in comparison with the plain crudes (control). The thesis summarizes the characterization of the crude oils with respect to their key physicochemical properties including density (kg/m3), viscosity (mPa·s), API gravity, total acid number (mg KOH/g), and asphaltene contents (wt %). Chemical dispersants i.e. sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); a anionic surfactant, hexa decyltrimethylammonium bromide as cationic surfactant, and Triton-X as neutral surfactant were used. The crude oils investigated included paraffinic (denoted as RCP-I), naphthenic (denoted as RCN-II) xii and aromatic (denoted as RCA-III) Pakistani crudes. Each crude oil was spiked with the varying dispersant –to-oil ratios (5:100, 10:100, 15:100, 20:100, 25:100 and 30:100) and then subjected to atmospheric distillation. The distillation of each surfactantdispersed crude oil was carried out in comparative experiments with the plain crude oil so as to investigate the effect of each dispersant on the yield, chemical composition and fuel properties of the derived distillate fractions (F1, F2 and F3). The Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric analysis (GC-MS) was carried out in order to ascertain compositional stability of the distillate fractions. The desired fuel properties of the light fractions were also determined as per ASTM standards and compared with the generic gasoline and diesel fuel samples. Looking at the results, we conclude that using chemically dispersed crudes enabled to obtain better yields of the light distillate fractions in comparison with the control without disturbing the key fuel properties. Among the three crudes used, the SDS-dispersed RCA-III, CTAB-dispersed RCN-II andTriton-X-100-dispersed RCN-II crudes were more effective which gave significant increase in the yields of light distillate fractions and reduced the residues without disturbing the fuel quality criteria.