Difference in the Characteristics of Imposter Syndrome in Dental Students of Preclinical and Clinical Phase

Background: People suffering from imposter syndrome despite being competent consider themselves less skillful and incapable. Such individuals are also more prone to regret their choice of career with consequent early drop out, experience burnout, more prone to medical errors, absenteeism and low job satisfaction.  The current study aims to determine the difference in the characteristics of imposter syndrome in dental students of preclinical and clinical phase and its gender predisposition. Objectives: 1. To find out the frequency and characteristics of imposter syndrome among dental students. 2. To evaluate the differences in the characteristics of imposter syndrome among dental students of preclinical and clinical year. 3. To determine gender predisposition of imposter syndrome among dental students. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 dental students of CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College. A validated questionnaire (Clance IP Scale) containing 20 items with 5-point Likert scale was used to collect data by convenient sampling technique. The characteristics of IP were determined by adding the scores of all items. Descriptive statistics were done, chi-square applied, p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: One hundred and thirty-eight students filled the IP Scale. The frequency of imposter syndrome is found to be 52.1% among Dental Students. Majority (72) of the dental students have frequent to intense imposter feelings. There is non-significant difference in the IP characteristics of male and female students. No significant difference in the characteristics of imposter syndrome is found between dental students of preclinical and clinical year. Conclusions: There frequency of imposter syndrome is high among Dental students. Non-significant difference in the IP characteristics is found between male and female students as well as students of preclinical and clinical year.

Risk Perception is a Mediator Between Cognitive Biases and Risky Investment Decision Empirical Evidence From Pakistan's Equity Markets

Investors play a vital role in stock exchange. Sometimes the decisions are based on rational behavior and sometimes these decisions consist of irrational behavior. Traditionally researchers argued that investors behave like a rational agent. This study explores the investor's cognitive biases and how these biases put affect on investor decision. At the same time due to globalization stock market situation is changed day by day even after few seconds. The research examined and explored the impact of cognitive biases on risky investment decision and foremost intention of this study to check the effect of cognitive biases on risky investment decision and more specifically the effect of mediating variable on risky investment decision. There are numerous biases which are putting affect on investor decisions but this study explores the combined effect of two biases i.e. heuristic and overconfidence on risk perception, which is mediating variable and also examined the effect of these cognitive biases on risky investment decision. This study is conducted at three stock exchanges; KSE, ISE and LSE. As this study belongs to the behavior of investor so it comprise of primary data. For this purpose adapted questionnaire is used. 450 questionnaires are distributes out of which 400 questionnaires are returned. The data is run on SPSS. To check the reliability of questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha is applied and the result of reliability is above than 0.7 which is considered to be fit tool for research. Descriptive statistics are used to check the frequency of each respondent towards their age, business tenure and respective stock exchange. The study finds a significant relationship between cognitive biases (heuristic and overconfidence) and risky investment decisions. There is partial mediation between overconfidence and risky investment decision and full mediation between heuristic and risky investment decision while risk perception is a mediating variable. Study also indicates that risk perception have also positive and significant relation with risky investment decisions.