متقدمین و متاخرین فقہا کی آراء کی روشنی میں مال حرام کا منافع

Islam teaches its follower purification in every walk of life, be itassociated with creed, character, worship or economic activities; it is advised that they should avoid contaminated substance. Unlawful income (Maal-eHaram) is also prohibited by sharia to be earned or kept in custody; . However types of unlawful income are more than few, for instance riba, robbery, bribery etc and Sharia scholars have different views about each one of them, similarly opinions of sharia scholars are also different on profit earned on the lawful investment of unlawful income. In this paper, sharia guidelines regarding lawful and unlawful income is presented, different types of unlawful income and views of sharia scholars regarding the income and profit earnedfrom the investment of the same are mentioned with arguments, in the end suggestions are given in light of present era regarding each type of unlawful income.

The Relationship Between Teacher Motivation and Students Acdemic Achievement at Secondary School Level

Motivation is one of the key elements considered important for the enhancement of quality of an organization.It has been considered vital for the excellence in performance of individuals as well as improved standards of output.In the field of education teacher motivation has its prime importance as the teacher is a major stake holder of this system.Motivated teacher can do more for achievement of students to achieve the set objectives in a very positive, drastic and effective way. The major aim of the study was to find out relationship between teacher motivation and students’ academic achievement at secondary school. This was a co-relational research and data was collected through survey technique.Population of study consisted of 3168 male and female secondary school teachers working in rural and urban are secondary schools located in five districts of Lahore division. Sample of the study comprised of 950 secondary school teachers which was 30% of the population. Questionnaire “Motivational Orientation to Teaching Survey” (MOT-S III) developed on five point Likert scale was used to find out motivation level of the teachers and students’ academic achievement was measured from the results of students of 9th and 10th grade in annual examination of the years 2010 and 2011 conducted by Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE).The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were ensured through experts’ opinion and pilot study respectively. The reliability of questionnaire after translation and pilot testing was 0.73.Frequencies and percentages of respondents were calculated. Person ‘r’ was used to find out the relationship. It was found that significantly positive relationship existed between teacher motivation and students’ achievement at secondary school level.Statistically significant relationship was also found between the factors of teacher motivation and students’ academic achievement.The findings of the research study elaborated that increase in motivation level of teacher enhances the students’ academic achievement as well.