The Impact of Prophetic Hijrah on the Societies of Makkah and Madinah

The aim of Hijrah is philosophically viewed as a way to spread Islam wisely. This was by Allah’s guidance and directive amidst the very bitter atmosphere in Makkah at that time against the early followers of the Islamic religion brought by the Rasulullah (pbuh). The prophetic Hijrah observed from the way it impacted Makkah and Madinah’s societies can be construed as a very important event that provided us with a variety of messages. It also acts as a reflection of our contributions to da’wah and the roles we can assume as good Muslims, by looking at what the Rasulullah (pbuh) and his companions had themselves sacrificed in the Hijrah. In short, Al-Hijra is the time when the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers moved from Makkah to Madinah, where they set up the first Islamic state. Islam needed to expand and spread in the world, so the migration resulted in the expansion and preservation of Islam and Muslims. The Rasulullah (pbuh) migrated to Madinah when his enemies in Makkah mistreated him and his followers. It is a fact that the early Muslims in Makkah were greatly troubled by the unbelievers of Quraisy, the tribe of the Prophet (pbuh). The Rasulullah’s (pbuh) popularity in his da'wah efforts to invite his people to Islam was seen as threatening by the people in power in Makkah. The context of Hijrah was seen as urgent and timely as the unbelievers in Makkah had escalated the persecution against Muhammad (pbuh) and his followers. This persecution and a directive from Allah were the main reasons for the migration.

Fractional Transmission Lines and Waveguides in Electromagnetics

Fractional curl operator has been utilized to derive the fractional dual solutions for different planar boundaries. Perfect electric conductor (PEC), impedance, and perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) planar boundaries have been investigated and the behavior of fractional dual solutions is studied with respect to the fractional parameter. The knowledge of fractional dual solutions has been extended by studying the fractional parallel plate waveguides, fractional transmission lines and the fractional rectangular waveguides. Fractional parallel plate waveguides with PEC, impedance, and PEMC walls as original problems have been studied for the field distribution inside the guide region and transverse impedance of the guide walls. The investigations have also been given for the fractional parallel plate chiro waveguides. Fractional transmission lines of symmetric and non-symmetric nature have been analyzed for their intermediate behavior and the impedance matching condition has been derived in terms of the fractional parameter. The fractional rectangular impedance waveguide has also been investigated. The fractional dual solutions and impedance have been compared with the reference results which have been found in good agreement for limiting values of the fractional parameter.