Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in the Islamic Thought: An Analysis

The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society. The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted. This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept. The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.

Hadronic Cross Sections of B C Mesons

In this work we calculate B c absorption cross sections by light mesons and baryons; π, ρ , and K mesons and nucleons. The processes studied are important from the view of relativistic heavy-ion experiments. The formalism used for the calculations is based on an effective hadronic Lagrangian developed by imposing SU(5) symmetry. This approach is similar to other papers in the literature in which absorption cross sections of J/ψ and Υ mesons are calculated using the hadronic Lagrangian based on SU(4)/SU(5) symmetry. The motivation for these calculations comes from the studies of the production of heavy mixed flavor mesons and baryons in quark gluon plasma. It is expected that B c production could be enhanced in heavy-ion experiments due to formation of QGP. However, it is also expected that the B c production rate in heavy-ion collisions will be affected by its interaction with comoving hadrons. Thus we require the knowledge of the cross sections of B c absorption processes to interpret the observed rates in the experiments. We find that calculated values of cross sections highly depend upon the choice of form factors, related cutoff parameters, and coupling constants. The effect of uncertainties in these parameters on the cross sections is also studied. These results could be useful in calculating the production rate of B c meson in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.