طبي خدمات اور سہولیات کے تحفظ کي ضرورت: اسلامي شريعت کے چند رہنما اصول

Muslims scholars in principle agree that non-combatants are protected and that they lose protection when they directly participate in hostilities. However, the issues of defining the scope of non-combatant and that of direct participation remain contentious which resultantly cause confusions about the protection of medical personnel. The present paper digs out principles of Islamic law relating to the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict and for this purpose focuses on a doctor who works for humanity and who provides medical assistance to all and gives priority on the basis of need only. It tries to find answers to questions such as: is the doctor muqatil (combatant)? Does the act of providing medical assistance to the enemy combatants make the doctor liable for direct participation in hostilities? Does Islamic law distinguish between the legal consequences of direct and indirect participation in hostilities? After exploring the rich Islamic legal literature on the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict, the paper also examines the legal consequences of abuse of the protected status.

Nature of Engagement of Secondary School Leaders in Curriculum Planning and Decision Making in the Mountainous Rural Areas of Pakistan

Teachers and students in Pakistan are perceived as consumers of the 'given' curriculum and have little role in the development of it. As a result, policy directives and actions to improve quality of education in Pakistan have been mainly 'top-down' and geared towards improving the ‘given knowledge’ transfer capability of teachers. Blind to teachers' agency to develop powerful curriculum in school, these efforts from outside school have mostly failed in achieving the aims of students' meaningful learning as espoused in the national curriculum of Pakistan. The quality of education, thus, can significantly be improved if change is initiated from within school. Be it the case, a series of questions needs to be answered. Who are in school that are so important for students' meaningful learning? How are they important for students' meaningful learning? What do they do to achieve that end? How and why do they do what they do to reach that end? How could they be helped to do better what they currently do in schools in order to facilitate students' meaningful learning? These are some of the questions that this research study with its focus on engagement of secondary school teachers and students in Chitral district in curriculum planning and decision making has attempted to answer. Hence, adopting a mixed methods research approach, this thesis outlines the nature (what, how, and why) of engagement of secondary school teachers and students (school leaders) in the four dimensions of curriculum planning and decision making at school level and provides a framework to improve their engagement for enhanced students' meaningful learning. These dimensions are (a) objectives of teaching and learning, (b) content to be taught, (c) learning opportunities, and (d) mode of presentation and response. Quantitative data were collected from 401 teachers in 89 secondary schools through a questionnaire survey and qualitative data were generated in the selected two case study schools through interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and field notes. The findings of this study are important with respect to the notion of school leaders as curriculum planners and decision makers at school level. The results show that school leaders are not just implementers of curriculum through teaching textbooks in the classroom. Rather, empirical findings have illustrated that school leaders exercise their personal agency to adapt and enrich nationally developed curriculum in order to serve the meaningful learning purpose of the students. All findings of data analysis are in