سیالکوٹ میں صوفیانہ شاعری کی روایت
اردو ادب میں عرفان و تصوف کی روایت ایک بلند مقام و مرتبہ رکھتی ہے۔اردو کے ہر بڑے شاعر نے صوفیانہ تصورات میں اپنے جوہر دکھا کر عشق ِخدا سے اپنے ایمان کو منور کیا ہے۔ تصوف میں خدا کے حوالے سے کائنات ،موجودات اور اسرارو رموز کا بیان کیا جاتاہے۔ ہندوستان کے بڑے بڑے اردو دبستانوں میں صوفیانہ شاعری کی روایت کا اپنا مقام ہے۔ان دبستانوں میں اردو ادب کے بڑے بڑے مشاہیر پیدا ہوئے اور صوفیانہ شاعری کی روایت میں اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ان دبستانوں میں سیالکوٹ کا علاقہ بھی ایک اہم دبستان کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے ۔پیش ِ نظر آرٹیکل میں سیالکوٹ کے کچھ شعرا کی صوفیانہ شاعری کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ پیش کیا گیا ہے۔کلامِ اقبال میں تصوف بھی ایک نمایاں موضوع ہے۔اقبال کا فطری رجحان متصوفانہ فکر و فلسفہ کی طرف تھا ۔یورپ میںیورپی فلسفہ پڑھنے سے یہ میلان اور بھی زیادہ قوی ہو گیا تھا کیونکہ یورپی فکروفلسفہ کا رجحان وحدت الوجود کی طرف تھا ۔قرآن پاک پر تدبر کرنے اور تاریخ اسلام کا بغور مطالعہ کرنے کے بعد اقبال کو اپنیغلطی کا احساس ہوا اور انہوں نے قرآن کے مطالعہ کی وجہ سے سےاپنے قدیم نظریہ کو ترک کردیا۔ اقبال کو اس مقصد کے لئے اپنے طبعی رجحانات کے ساتھ دماغی و قلبی جہاد کرنا پڑا ۔اقبالؒ کے درج ذیل اشعار میں یہ رجحان واضح طور پردیکھا جا سکتا ہے:
چمک تیری عیاں بجلی میں،آتش میں ،شرارے میں
جھلک تیری ہو یدا چاند میں سورج میں ،تارے میں
جو ہے بیدار انساں میں وہ گہری نیند سوتا ہے
شجر میں پھول میں حیواں میں پتھر میں ستارے میں(1)
یہ ابتدائی وقت تھا جب اقبال ؒ وحدت ولوجود کے فلسفہ سے بہت زیادہ متاثر تھے لیکن بعد میں قرآن و حدیث...
To juxtapose various components in one issue or various issues, and to adopt various jurists’ points of views is called “Talfiq.” In the present radical age of science and technology, each and every social faculty is being radicalized particularly in finance; there are certain complications in the monetary systems of various countries. In this scenario, to concentrate on one school of thought and deduce the solution of these financial issues has now become impossible. That is why, Majlis-e-Shar’ii concentrate on “Talfiq between different school of thoughts”, where various parallel issues are solved. The Majlis has prepared a sharia standard where practicable and beneficial financial issues are elaborated. The jurists have elaborated various principles of “Bae-e-Salam”, and presented various relevant issues taking the insight from various scholars of Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi and Hambli schools of thoughts and focused on “Talfiq”. The present research paper the decrees related to Talfiq will be explored, where the jurists have adopted it. Whether it is allowed or prohibited. If it is allowed, to what extent?
Renewable energy based Distributed Generation (DG) resources are crucial for sustainable energy supply infrastructure as they are non-polluting and inexhaustible. The uncertainties associated with DG resources may cause distinct economic and technical challenges which require comprehensive investigation to facilitate their integration in Distribution System (DS). Generally, DG planning studies are conducted while assuming constant generation and load models. However, such assumptions may result in misleading and inconsistent values for voltage profile, loss reduction, payback period, deferral values, and other relevant calculations.Therefore, to achieve accurate and realistic results, it is necessary to consider variations associated with generation and load. This thesis presents time varying load modeling and probabilistic solar irradiance modeling techniques and investigates their impact on Photovoltaic (PV) based DG planning. A novel Beta distribution based probabilistic generation model is proposed for solar irradiance uncertainty modeling to compute the hourly output power values produced by PV based DG. The beta distribution parameters are found by assuming the variations of irradiance patterns at consecutive time steps. Subsequently, the proposed model is employed to generate various solar irradiance generation scenarios. Then, a time varying load modeling approach is presented for PV based DG planning.Five different types of time varying load models (i.e. residential, commercial, industrial, mixed and constant) are considered. These loads are modeled by combining the time varying characteristics of residential, commercial and industrial loads with the voltage-dependent load model while assuming suitable voltage exponents. The application of these load models make the PV based DG integration more realistic as compared to the conventional model. Furthermore, a methodology has been developed to determine intermittent DG allocation for DS while considering varying load and generation. The objective is to minimize the multiobjective optimization function which involves voltage deviation, active and reactive power loss indices. Finally, the impact of time varying load modeling approach on DG integrated DS performance has been investigated. The proposed DG planning framework has been validated on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus standard distribution test systems in MATLAB environment. A comparative assessment of different impact indices, penetration level, active and reactive power intake, active and reactive power loss and MVA support offered by the installation of PV based DG for different time varying load models has been performed. The results demonstrate that the proposed generation model is suitable for solar irradiance modeling. Moreover, time varying load modelling approach has a significant impact on DS planning studies under uncertain scenario.