شیخ ابن تیمیہ کےاصولی تفردات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the Ibn-e-Teymiyah’s Usooli Distinctions

The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.

Distribution, Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Wild and Cultivated Olive in Azad Jammu and Kashmir

The floristic composition within 25 stands was recorded from 390 m to 2158 m on gentle slopes of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. There were 87 plants species of 39 families; Poaceae, Astraceae and Papilionaceae were important families in the investigated area. Four plant associations, Olea-Berberis-Punica, Olea-Olea-Dodonaea, Olea-Olea Zanthoxylum and Olea-Ficus-Ricinus were recorded by cluster analysis and Detrendent correspondence analysis (DCA) technique. The dense Olea forests were found within the range of 390-1500 m, considered as potential sites, whereas the sparse populations were found beyond the range of 1500 m. This area has suitable climatic conditions to support cultivation of olive in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Wild (O. cuspidata) and cultivated olive (O. europaea) grow in northern regions of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir are expected to have considerable inter and intra-species genetic variability due to adaptation to the various environmental conditions. In present study the genetic relationship was investigated in wild and cultivated olive populations growing in Azad Jammu and Kashmir by using four primer combinations during amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Genetic relationships were displayed in a dendrogram based on Unweighted Pair Group Method (UPGMA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Four clusters were clearly separating wild and cultivated olive populations from each other indicates that the Olea cuspidata (wild) and Olea europaea (cultivated) were divergent. The insightful difference between wild and cultivated populations and the close relationship among Olea europaea accessions had confirmed that the cultivated olive did not develop locally but were introduced from abroad, propagated by grafting on local wild olive. Moreover, analysis of cultivated olive showed that they are probably from same population with common ancestory. In the actual application, the measurement of genetic variation among these populations is needed to guide the on-going grafting of Olea europaea while ensuring that a substantial genetic diversity is preserved within the study area. For the Olea europaea nursery industry, this study can be useful to eliminate duplication of the clones and ensure diversity of the propagated clones for grafting on Olea cuspidata.