مولوی نورالحسن صاحب نیّر
افسوس کہ اس مہینہ مولوی نورالحسن صاحب نیر، بی، اے۔ ایل،ایل، بی خلف حضرت محسن کاکوروی نے ایک مدت کی علالت کے بعد وفات پائی، وہ انگریزی کے ساتھ عربی کے بھی عالم تھے، ندوہ العلماء کے ممتاز رکن اور دارالعلوم کے سابق معتمد تھے، وہ سخنور، سخن سنج، سخن شناس، سخن دان سب کچھ تھے، ان کی زندگی کا سب سے اہم کارنامہ اردو لغت نوراللغات کی تالیف ہے، خدا ہمارے اس ادیب شاعر کو اپنی رحمت کے انعام و اکرام سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۳۶ء)
The political discourse plays an essential role in shaping the perceptions and ideologies of people. The present research, titled ‘Discursive Functioning of Parts of Speech in Political Parties’ Manifestos’, focuses on the role of the discursive use of the parts of speech in Pakistani political parties’ manifestos, pertaining to the general election of 2013. The research is aimed at the linguistic analysis of the political discourse presented in the parties’ manifestos, focusing on parts of speech. The Van Dijk Socio Cognitive Model (1998) and Tajfel’s and Turner’s Social Identity Approach (1979) have served as the theoretical framework for this study. Corpus-based methodology was used for the Critical Discourse Analysis of the five political parties selected on the basis of popularity. The research revealed that all political parties studied used different parts of speech as a discursive strategy to frame positive images of their own party and negative images of the other parties. This was done by the parties in order to transform people’s ideology and identities in their own favor.
The speedy process of change is constantly forcing organizations to learn faster in order to be fully prepared for the uncertain future. Organizational learning (OL) is a newly emerging concept which deals with the learning processes of organizations. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of OL in a private school in the Pakistani context. The study was conducted in a secondary private school in the context of Chitral, a remote district of NWFP, Pakistan. Using qualitative case study as the research design and activity theory as the study framework, the data was generated through questionnaire, interview, observation and document analysis. A questionnaire was administered to 61% teachers and 8% students. Interviews were conducted with the school principal, Vice Principal, Academic Coordinator, four groups of teachers, another four groups of the students and one group of parents. Moreover, five lessons of teachers and the interactions among various stakeholders were also observed. Similarly, Some documents such as, teachers' lesson plans, the students' progress reports and exam papers were also analysed. The findings revealed that the new ideas coming from external sources and the intervention of external forces create tensions and contradictions in the school, providing rich opportunities of learning. The school practices especially the teaching activity has improved whenever those ideas have been implemented and the tensions addressed. However, the school has not fully been successful to exploit the contradictions and tensions as learning opportunities. Once a tension is created, instead of availing it as a learning opportunity, it is ignored, accepted as it is or provided with readymade solutions. Moreover, the limited nature of interactions does not allow teachers to extend the externally acquired ideas to the whole teaching staff, to search solutions for the newly emerging tensions and thus, to generate knowledge collectively. Coupled with the limited structure for interactions, the culture of isolation, stereotyping, dependency and lack of motivation are the factors which hinder the process of OL in this school. The school leadership may be able to avail the contradictions as learning opportunities and thus, foster OL through bringing structural and cultural modifications in the school.