حکم الانتفاع بالمرھون عند الفقهاء: دراسة مقارنة

Islam is a complete code of life and dominant upon all the faculties of life. Along with creed faith and worship, Islam has emphasized on the affairs of daily life. In the connotation of affairs all the components of sale and purchase mentioned in detail. Accordingly, there is a provision if someone sell a thing to another and the buyer is not eligible to pay the price then there should be written a statement in the presence of two witnesses to pay the price in fix time. If there is neither witness nor the arrangement of writing, so there should be mortgaged something from the buyer. When the buyer pay a loan then the seller should return the mortgaged thing. The originality of mortgage is for the protection of loan not for profit. In present era the purpose of mortgage has changed and is done it for getting profit. Although some imams and Ahl-e-Zawaher provide the capacity for getting profit, so the Jamhoor and Ahnaf don’t allow anyone to get it. To change the original shape of mortgage is illegitimate and is considered as usury. If there is no custom in a certain territory and the man who offer loan does not intend to get profit then with the permission of the person who has received loan __provides the facility to get profit, However to avoid this practice is far better in shariah. In the article understudy the originality of mortgage and dissension among different Imams to get profit from it has been discussed. In the end a crucial statement has been mentioned.

The Effectiveness of Process-Genre Approach to Teaching Academic Writing to English Diploma Students at NUML

The Effectiveness of Process-Genre Approach to Teaching Academic Writing to English Diploma Students at NUML The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of process-genre approach to teaching academic writing at English diploma level at NUML. In order to achieve that, the researcher conducted an experimental study. During the study the researcher employed experimental design and randomly selected two groups of male English diploma students. These two randomly selected groups were named as experimental group and control group. These two groups had been administered proficiency test (pre-test) in the beginning of the semester and results had been noted down to be compared with their post-test performances. After pre-test administration, the experimental group had been instructed through process- genre approach whereas the control group had been taught using the traditional process approach for the period of eight weeks. The four genres selected to be instructed to both groups were formal letters, story writing, paragraph writing and essay writing. Each of these genres had been instructed for two weeks. After eight weeks of instruction a post-test had been administered to both experimental and control groups. During the preparation of the both pre-test (proficiency test) and post-test (achievement test) the validity and reality had been ensured. The answers of the learners, in both tests, had been evaluated by using four writing evaluation techniques namely unity, coherence, cohesion and sentence skill. The results of post-test (achievement test) of both the groups had been compared to gauge the effectiveness of process-genre approach. Three data measuring techniques namely mean, mode and median had been used to analyze and evaluate the data in data analysis chapter. Also, T-test had been employed on the results of the research to triangulate the results of the present study. The results of the learners' performances and the differences of both groups had been displayed through graph bars as they helped interpret the findings of the study more readily. Based on the differences between the results of the students of both the groups in post-test (achievement test), conclusions were drawn and recommendations had been made for future study.