آہ! جنرل ضیاء الحق
گزشتہ مہینہ کا معارف اشاعت کے آخری مرحلہ میں تھا کہ اس اذیت ناک خبر نے ہوش و حواس پراگندہ کردیا کہ پاکستان کے صدر جنرل محمد ضیاء الحق ایک ہوئی حادثہ میں جاں بحق ہوگئے، اِناﷲ وَ اِنا اِلیہ رَاجِعُونْ۔ ان کے ساتھ امریکی سفیر، پاکستانی فوج کے تقریباً ایک درجن اعلیٰ افسر اور دوسرے کئی افراد بھی چشم زدن میں ہلاک ہوگئے، جنرل ضیاء الحق کی اس غیرمتوقع اور اچانک شہادت سے پاکستان میں کہرام مچ گیا، ساری دنیائے اسلام میں ماتم بپا ہوگیا اور ان لوگوں کو بڑا دھکا لگا جو سمجھتے تھے کہ مرحوم دنیا کی امامت کا بارا اٹھانے کے لیے امت مرحومہ کو پھر شجاعت و عدالت کا سبق پڑھنے کی تلقین فرما رہے تھے، وہ ایک مذہبی گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، والد کی تربیت اور ماحول کے اثر سے ان میں بھی دینداری اور عقیدہ و عمل کی پختگی رچ بس گئی تھی، جس کا مظاہرہ ان کی ذاتی اور نجی زندگی سے لے کر قومی و بین الاقوامی ہر سطح پر ہوتا رہتا تھا، وہ جس درجہ صوم و صلوٰۃ کے پابند تھے، اسی درجہ ان کی زندگی اور سیرت پاکیزہ تھی، وہ دن میں امور مملکت کی گھتیاں سلجھاتے اور رات کا آخری پہر تسبیح و تہلیل، دعاء و مناجات اور توبہ و استغفار میں گزارتے اور رمضان المبارک کے آخری ایام حرمین شریفین کے لیے وقف رکھتے
تجھ سے ہوا آشکار بندۂ مومن کا راز
اس کے دنوں کی تپش ، اس کی شبوں کا گداز
جب پاکستان کی زمام کار ان کے ہاتھوں میں آئی تو انھوں نے اسے ان خطوط پر چلانے کا مصمم ارادہ کرلیا جن کے لیے یہ وجود میں آیا تھا، ہر قسم کی دشواریوں کے باوجود اسلام کا بول بالا اور احکام شریعت...
This study collaborates between traditional games and technology. The purpose of this study was to improve student learning outcomes in PPKN (Citizenship Education) learning through barcode-based traditional games tumbawa. This type of research is classroom action research. This research was conducted because based on preliminary observations, the results of students' daily tests in PPKn learning were still low, from 25 students, 25 students, only 12 people or 48% had good learning outcomes. The procedures used in this study consisted of planning, implementing, observing, reflecting. This research was conducted in two cycles of action. The data collection methods used were tests, observation, interviews, and documentation. In analyzing the data used a qualitative descriptive method assisted by the calculation of the percentage. The targeted research output is the national journal published in the internationally accredited journal 5. The level of technology readiness used is in the field of education (TKT 2). This research is expected to create a learning atmosphere and a learning process that attracts students' attention so that it provides better learning achievement than before.
The study aims to measure the vulnerability of the small open oil importing developing economy in terms of output loss, soaring inflation and depreciating of the domestic currency to an exogenous oil price shock. Critical review of the existing literature confirms the lack of appropriate theoretical foundations, and therefore contradictory empirical evidence has surfaced. As basis for analysis there is hardly any study especially for a developing oil importing economy, where prevailing rigidities are modelled in a theoretical framework. It is surprising because the New Keynesian models have been found to have advantage to capture the stochastic components theoretically and not on ad hoc basis like the RBC models. Developing economies are more oil dependent due to their imperfect market structure and inefficient use of energy hence deserve serious attention. The current study is an attempt to fill this gap; incorporating the limited access to international financial markets and mounting fiscal deficit further strengthen the scope of this study. The theoretical model developed in the present study has been empirically analysed by adopting the two step procedure devised by Keating (1990). Keeping in view the core objective of the study, macroeconomic dynamics in response to oil price shocks is focused along with assessing the impact of other internal and external shocks. Innovations, other than oil price shock have been considered to capture the indirect impact of oil price fluctuations in the international market. The estimation proceeds in three steps, estimation of structural parameters, the impulse response analysis and the variance decomposition. It has been observed that oil prices significantly important in explaining the magnitude and direction of macroeconomic aggregates and the variations in these important variables. It has been observed that due to heavily subsidization of the energy sector during the deregulation period further aggravated the economic performance of the economy. The State Bank of Pakistan, on the other hand, has been unable to anchor expectations about inflation. The results of present study confirm the crowding-in effect. There is complementarity between government spending and private investment. Additive fiscal shock seems to be an important source of growth in the country which persists for about three quarters keeping aggregate demand above its long run trend. Cost push shock, monetary policy shock and risk premium shock are also important sources hindering economic development in terms of low demand and high inflation which further elaborate the importance of less or no reliance of producing energy through using oil. Monetary authority, due to lack of transparency in the policy, is unable to avoid deteriorating influence of oil prices shocks.