اسلامی معیشت اور امداد باہمی کا تصور

Islam is the only religion which is complete code of life. The needs of human beings have been felt and addressed properly. In spite of created by only one creator humans are different in their potentials, behavior and attitude. Owing to this difference, the incomes of people are drastically different from each other. As a result, a few people are rich and well off whereas some are poor- being up to sustenance level. Therefore, people cooperate with each other to eliminate the class differences of social strata. In this perspective, Islam has given an invulnerable perfect socio-economic system. For mutual cooperation, Islam has also addressed the issue and suggested different steps such as madharabah, partnership and tenancy. Bedsides Islam has also focused on secondary resources of mutual cooperation and support that are typically related to the personal concern. It includes: sacrifice, gift, free lending and Qarz-e- Hasanah etc. It also reflects that the man gives precedence to congregational matters over his individuality which is an ample example of mutual cooperation. In fact, mutual cooperation is one of those key factors on which the edifice of prosperous society is built. All religions and ideologies have focused and emphasized on the mutual cooperation; however, Islam lays extra emphasis to build a strong and thriving human state.

Attribution and Influence Perception of Success Among Male and Female Managers: A Perspective of Pakistani Private Sector Organizations

Thesis Title: ATTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE PERCEPTION OF SUCCESS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE MANAGERS: A PERSPECTIVE OF PAKISTANI PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS This study investigated whether people’s attribution for success and failure do reflect identifiable dimensions and whether or not these were compatible with those proposed by Weiner (1985, 2004) mainly internal and external locus of control. Moreover, it also looked at the perceived influence used by managers, mainly rationality, ingratiation and exchange maneuvers. It was hypothesized that success will be attributed more to internal factors like ability etc; whereas failure will be attributed to external factors like luck etc. The gender of the managers was believed to influence the attributions made, with males’ success and females’ failure attributed to internal causes. For influence perceptions, it was hypothesized that success will be attributed to the usage of ingratiation and exchange maneuvers as well as rationality maneuvers. As for the gender of the managers, it was hypothesized that males’ success will be assigned to the more frequent usage of rationality maneuvers, whereas the success of female managers will be assigned to the more frequent usage of ingratiation and exchange maneuvers. The design of the study was experimental and four hundred employees from the private sector organizations of Pakistan participated in this investigation. The overall design of this study was a 2 (managers: most successful/least successful) X 2 (manager’s sex: male/female) X 2 (participants sex: male/female) between-subjects factorial. This means that this was a 2x2x2 factorial design because three independent variables were examined: the managers’ success, the managers’ gender and the subjects’ gender all with two categories each. Data was gathered with the help of a self-report questionnaire with closed questions that included scaled items. MANOVA and ANOVA techniques were performed to test the hypotheses. The results revealed only partial acceptance of the hypotheses proposed. As predicted, success by a male was assigned to skill (internal), whereas the lack of career success in a female was attributed to lack of skill (internal). For influence perceptions, male’s success was assigned to the more frequent use of rationality maneuvers compared to the other managers. The gender of the participants was not significant in the evaluations of the manager. Moreover limitations, future research, directions, and implications for organizations were also discussed.