سندھ کے عظیم روحانی پاگارہ خاندان کی تاریخ کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Allah Almighty, with his power, created the sky, earth and whole universe and provided all the necessities.  Therefore, the work of preaching Islam is conferred upon the Ummah of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). There are the people who had been taught the teachings of Islam directly by Holy Prophet and they preached Islam in the same way as they were taught. They practiced all the teachings in their lives. Sahaba R.A, for preaching Islam, went to the east, west, north, south, Hind, Sindh and the corners of the world. As a result of their efforts, almost half of the world got the message of Islam. Tabaeen consisted of many people, in the light of Quran and Sunnah, conveyed the message of Islam throughout the world. In the same way, another group of people named Tab Tabaeen became prepared to spread the universal message of Islam. They didn't ignore any sacrifice to uplift the spirit of Islam.  With their struggle, many great people like saints, jurist, reader and interpreter of Quran and Hadith born. These people tried their best to convey the message of Islam through written and spoken discourse. Religious books and places were introduced. That process of education, after many years, is still continuing. Presently, many religious places are constructed to preach spiritual guidance in which many great scholars and saints are engaged. History is witness that opponents went to extent possible level to aloof Muslims from teaching, preaching and guiding of lslam. Not only were this but the Muslims intended to end also. In these trials and tribulations, saints took responsibility on their shoulders and continued their struggle on the directed path of oneness, Prophet hood, Ahle Bait and Sahabas against the evil forces. Among such great Family of Pir Pagara is one whose line is continuing in Hind and Sindh. Insha Allah (If God wills) it'll continue till the last day. There is his great religious and social contribution. To convey, his valiant services towards people, research on this personality is dire need of the hour. In history, this research will be advantageous for the researchers to come.

Laser Ablation Studies of Metal Alloys Using Libs and Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

Laser ablation is a versatile technique used for the investigations of technological advanced and industrially important materials. In this technique, the interaction of a short and intense laser pulse forms a plasma plume. The laser produced plasma plume consists of radiation which arises due to transitions of electrons from the excited states of atoms and ions. The aim of this thesis is the fabrication of the laser ablation time of flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS) with an improved resolution and to compare the compositional results of mass spectra from LA-TOF-MS with the emission spectra obtained from laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The compositional analysis using calibration free (CF-LIBS) techniques is based on the observed emission spectra of the laser produced plasma plume whereas, the elemental composition analysis using laser ablation time of flight mass spectrometer (LA TOFMS) is based on the mass spectra of the ions produced by laser ablation. We have successfully designed and locally fabricated an improved version of the laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS) for isotope mass analysis and elemental analysis of materials. This system is coupled with a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser, which is capable of delivering the energy of about 850 mJ at 1064 nm and 500 mJ at 532 nm. The resolution of system has been improved by adjusting spatial and space focusing, and optimizing other parameters. The capability of the system has been exploited by the isotopic analysis and compositional analysis of different alloy samples, having certified composition. The laser ablation time of flight mass spectrometer complementary with Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy has xxi been used for the quantitative determination of constituents of certified samples; different Karats of gold (18K, 19K, 20K, 22K, 24K), Brass alloy (Cu 62%, Zn 38%) and Cu-Ni Alloy (75% Cu, 25% Ni). Moreover, the samples with the unknown compositions such as different brands of the cigarette available in Pakistan have also been investigated using LIBS and LA-TOF-MS techniques. Initially five Karats of gold alloys, 18K, 19K, 20K, 22K and 24K having certified composition of gold as 75%, 79%, 85%, 93% and 99.99% were selected and their precise elemental compositions were determined by LIBS and LA-TOF-MS. Here internal reference line self-absorption correction laser induce breakdown spectroscopy (IRSAC-LIBS) technique have been utilized for the quantitative determination of constituents present in different Karats. Elemental compositions of these gold alloys were also determined using a Laser Ablation time of flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS). The quantitative analysis of brass alloy has been studied using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Laser Ablation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LA-TOF-MS). The emission lines of copper (Cu I) and zinc (Zn I) are used to calculate the plasma parameters. Here we have compared the elemental composition obtained by SCF-LIBS and IRSAC-LIBS with LA-TOF-MS and EDX. After utilizing SCF-LIBS and IRSAC-LIBS for quantitative analysis, we have compared the composition for Cu-Ni alloy using three calibration free LIBS techniques other than IRSAC-LIBS, and also compared the results with laser ablation LA-TOF-MS. For the quantitative determination of constituents of Cu-Ni Alloy (Pakistani five rupee coin of year 2004) of known composition (Cu 75%, Ni 25%), we have utilized one line calibrations-free (OL-CF xxii LIBS), self-calibration free (SCF-LIBS), and algorithm based calibration free (AB-CF LIBS) techniques. Results obtained by these LIBS based techniques have also been compared with LA-TOF-MS. The samples of fourteen different brands of cigarettes available in Pakistan have also been analyzed using the above mentioned techniques. We have also performed compositional analysis of the trace elements in different brands of tobacco available in Pakistan using one line calibration free (OLCF-LIBS) and Laser ablation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (LA-TOFMS). The results obtained by (CF-LIBS) are comparable with (LA-TOF-MS). The compositional results obtained by OL-CF-LIBS, SCF-LIBS, IRSAC-LIBS and algorithm based AB-CF LIBS are in agreement with that of LA-TOF-MS and other standard techniques. The analysis of different industrial important alloys and different brands of cigarettes demonstrates that LIBS complemented with LA-TOF-MS are powerful techniques for the elemental analysis of the major and trace elements in any solid samples.