بچوں کے عمرانی مسائل: اسلامی تعلیمات اور بین الاقوامی قوانین کے تناظر میں ایک جائزہ

The way the religion of Islam has emphasized the human rights, might be any other religion has given importance to this very specific topic. Although in Islam, there has no any chapter making been made in Quran and hadith on the permanent bases on the topic of basic human rights, yet if some search is made to find out these Quran and Sunnah, these are also present in expended form in various places and along with these guided principles are also present there. In Quran there is admonition in many places for the protection of human soul, goods and honor as well. Whereas Hadith along with the other various teachings, specifically on the eve of the last sermon known as ( Khutba hajja tul wida) of the Rasool(PBUH) the prescribed charter of human rights is enough to highlight its importance, but no distinctive laws are cited with a special regarded to  children. Anyhow, in 18th century, issues relevant to children came into view those also became the cause of many movements and all the countries are formulated unanimous laws which are still being applied. In present era, the social issues of the children are becoming obnoxious severe. On the behalf of these issues their growth, training and many other facts of life are also attention catching. In this article, an analysis of Islamic and International laws with respect to children will be made and those causes will also be cited due to which social issues of children are continuously being generated.

The teaching of literature at Graduate level through the structuralist approach

The teaching of literature at Graduate level through the structuralist approach In the light of long years teaching in different institutions in Pakistan it has been felt that the prevalent method of teaching English Literature is not producing the desired level of competence among students. Hence something interesting and pedagogically sound need to be introduced on experimental level, which could make the teaching of literature more meaningful and interesting for the students, awaken their analytical abilities and at the same time develop their listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. For this purpose certain listening, speaking, reading and writing activities in the class based on the extracts from the literary texts have been introduced. Keeping in view the recommendations as well as the aims and objectives of the National Curriculum Revision Committee of Pakistan, an effort has been made to develop among the students at graduate level the habit of detailed reading of the literary texts, and interpreting them critically and analytically. I have used four novels of Ernest Hemingway and guided the students to analyze them through the Structuralis Approach with my chief focus on 'The Old Man and the Sea'. The reason for selecting Ernest Hemingway's novels is his objective style of writing precise sentences which is much appreciated by the readers of English literature. Moreover, 'The Old Man and the Sea' is a part of the syllabus of English (compulsory) at graduate level and one of the other three novels 'The Sun Also Rises"A Farewell to Arms', 'For Whom the Bell Tolls' always remains a part of the syllabus at Masters level in Pakistani universities. The methodology used for research is a combination of Descriptive Research and Quasi-Experimental. The findings support the argument that the problem and the need to address it really exists. The suggested methodology can help us in moving a step forward towards addressing it.