ملک و ملت کی تعمیر و ترقی میں احتساب کا کردار: سیرت طیبہﷺکی روشنی میں

This is a familiar fact that accountability has a primary, important and key role to reform and develop an individual as well as a society. Quran (The Holy Book) and Sunnah (The Sayings the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasize the acco-untability and the Seerah (Prophet’s life) is its practical example. The Prophet (PBUH) mentioned the importance of individual accountability, told the people to follow the principle of accountability and also set up a collective account-ability system. On various occasions, He inquired the governors and investigated their financial matters. He also strongly condemned crimes such as exploitation, corruption, deception and cheating; those are the result of lack of accountability and He communicated the Ummah to stay away from the devastating crimes like these. The study of Seerah (the Prophet’s life) shows that He strongly empha-sized the accountability among all other matters. The Prophet (PBUH) used practical measures for justice and equality, giving people their rights and elimin-ating all kinds of oppression, abuse, injustice, exploitation and corruption. It was the effect of the teaching and training of the Prophet (PBUH) that the lives of companion’s رضی اللہ عنہم اجمعین of Prophet Muhammad (PPBUH) are the basic source of guidance for mankind till the world due to accountability. The compa-nions of the Prophet (PBUH) used to arrange the accountability and also self-accountability, as a result, the society was a manifestation of transparency, peace fulness, ideal, and brotherhood. Translation errorThis article explains the need and importance of accountability, role of accountability in the country's development, different types of accountability in the light of Seerah. As a result, firstly, we may be able to step up towards the formation of a righteous society. Secondly the rules and regulations for the establishment of an ideal welfare state in the light of Seerah may come into existence.

Genetic Screening and Molecular Characterization of Hbv and Hcv in Rural and Urban Population of District Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir by Using Nested Pcr

The infection of liver is known as hepatitis. It is observed that more than 2 billion people got life-threatening sickness due to HBV and more than 230-300 million people suffered from HCV around the globe. The present study dealt with 200 samples that were collected from rural and urban population of Muzaffarabad AJ&K. Both male and female genders of 15-70 years of age were included in the sample collection process. For detection of the presence of virus, initially ICT method was used for 200 samples. Among them only 11 sample from rural and 29 samples from urban population showed positive results of hepatitis virus B and C. Those samples were further confirmed for viral DNA and cDNA by using nested PCR. After performing nested PCR 1 (1%) individual of HBV and 4(4%) individuals of HCV were found PCR positive from rural and urban population. During gel electrophoresis the band size 230bp of HBV and 215bp of HCV were obtained on gel. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis was done after gene sequencing of PCR positive HBV and HCV samples. There were 99% resemblance of both HBV and HCV DNA sequence to the sequences present in Genbank by using NCBI Blast. By using MEGA7 program, phylogenetic tree was constructed and average pair wise mean distance obtained of HBV was 0.0037 and 0.23 of HCV. Moreover, the statistical analysis of the study showed risk factors assessment results from different carriers e.g., haircut from barber shops and local clinics. They gave significant values p=<0.0001 and p=<0.0001 respectively for spread of HBV and HCV in the studied population. The final results of study showed that the risk factor of hepatitis virus B and C was higher in urban population rather than in rural population.