عصر حاضر میں وحدت الادیان کا تصور اور اسلامی نکتہ نظر

Religion is the cradle of human civilization and will always be a core influence in determining the trends, outlooks and progression of our society, which inevitably confronts questions and issues with religious undertones. As the world becomes more multi-religious and multi-ethnic, however, there is a seemingly diminished respect for the diverse existence of faiths and ethnicities, and more concerns rise towards this new threat to peace, which can be seen in the form of religious hatred, persecution, and conflicts often involving physical violence. This rising hostility, which has become a prolonged, unstable social factor, in all manifestations is an obstacle to peace. According to the different religious scholars of the semitic and nonsemitic religions it is recommended that religion plays a vital role to save the humanity. For this purpose many scholars recommend a religious alliance and unity for the whole universe as we can prevent the violence against humanity. In this paper the different views of the scholars in favour of religious alliance while the stance of Islamic Sharia has been discussed in detail as well.

Applications of Fractional Derivatives in Adaptive Signal Processing Systems

Adaptive algorithms are mostly optimized using integer order derivatives for error minimization. The Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) adaptive filters are among the most commonly employed schemes. The LMS algo rithm is simple to implement, has robust tracking performance in nonstationary environments and is less sensitive to floating point precision effects. However, it has the issue of slow convergence especially when the number of weights is large. The RLS achieves faster convergence but is computationally expensive, and prob lematic in nonstationary environments. This study introduces fractional calculus techniques in stochastic gradient algo rithms. In addition to first order derivative, Fractional Order (FO) derivatives are proposed in the optimization of gradient algorithms. Four configurations have been considered based on whether the fractional derivative is applied to the in stantaneous present or posterior error. For evaluation of the FO algorithms, three applications have been considered, that is, (a) adaptive equalization of multi path channels (b) Active Noise Control Systems (ANCS) and (c) tracking of time varying Rayleigh fading sequences. In equalization, both supervised and unsu pervised algorithms are considered. For the supervised case, FO variants of LMS and Normalized LMS (NLMS) are applied in both feed-forward and decision feed back configurations. In the unsupervised case, FO variants of Gordad and con stant modulus algorithms are developed. In ANCS, FO variants of the NLMS, Filtered-x (input) LMS, Modified FxLMS and Filtered-error LMS algorithms are developed. The noises are modelled as binary, Gaussian and impulsive sources characterized by fractional lower order moments. In tracking, the behavior of FO variants is evaluated for nonstationary environments. A Rayleigh channel has also been considered having Doppler frequency shifts of 0.8KHz to 3KHz. The frac tional algorithms are compared with the standard NLMS, RLS and Extended-RLS schemes. The main performance metrics include (1) mean squared error (2) mean squared deviation (3) relative modelling error (4) model accuracy using both frequency and time domain analysis and (5) symbol error rate. The former three performance metrics help compare the convergence speed and steady state performance; the latter two are application specific. Simulation results are shown for different step sizes and fractional orders. It is seen that the fractional variants show superior performance in all the three applications and hold great promise for future use.