Determinant Factors Affecting Intention of Child Marriage to Adolescents in Banggai Laut

This study aims to look at the determinant factors that affect the intense / intention to do child marriage to adolescents in Banggai Laut. This research method using a cross sectional study. The research sample consisted of 192 teenage students in SMA Negeri 1 Banggai and SMA Negeri 2 Banggai. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was an effect of attitude, family drive and behavior control on the intention to do child marriage (p <0.05). The results of the multivariate analysis showed that there was only one variable that had a p value <0.05, namely the family drive variable with p = 0.029. From exp (B) = 4,871> 1 is a risk factor and the Cl value is 95% more than 1 (1,178-20,142) so that OR is significant. This means that respondents who are influenced by family encouragement have a risk of 4,871 times having the intention of engaging in child marriage. It can be concluded that there are many factors that can influence adolescents in engaging in child marriage. All levels of society should protect children together and stop the practice of child marriage in society. The smallest and closest family unit for the child should be able to protect it, not be the main factor that encourages underage marriage.

Synthesis, Spectral Analysis and Pharmacological Studies on New Organic Molecules Containing 1- 2-Furoyl Piperazine Moiety

The heterocyclic molecules have greatly influenced the pharmaceutical industries due to their bioactivity potential. The discovery of new drug candidates has been the burning issue of all the times owing to new emerging diseases. Heterocyclic Chemistry has been involved exlusively in the field of organo-pharmaceutical drug discovery program. Owing to the reported potential of piperazine, amide, sulfonamide, 1,3,4-oxadiazole and carbamate moieties, the present work was designed to synthesize some new multi-functional molecules encompassing different bioactive functionalties including furan, piperazine, acetamide, propanamide, hexanamide, sulfonamide, ether, ester, 1,3,4-oxadiazole and carbamates. The synthesized molecules have been subjected to evaluation of their antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme inhibition and hemolytic potential. Furthermore, enzyme inhibition potential results have been supported by computational docking in order to find the types of interactions with the active site of involved enzymes. Thirteen (13) schemes have been used to demonstrate the synthesis of one hundred and nine (109) compounds. In scheme-1 to 3, different substituted phenyl amines (1a-t) were stirred with 2-bromoacetyl bromide (2), 3-bromopropionyl bromide (6) and 6-bromohexanoyl bromide (9) in basic medium to yield 2-bromo-N-(substituted phenyl)acetamides (3a-t), 3-bromo-N-(substitutedphenyl)propanamides (7a-q) and 6-bromo-N-(substitutedphenyl)hexamides (10a-g) as electrophiles. The synthesized electrophiles were treated with 1-(2-furoyl)piperazine (4) to acquire final compounds as 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-(substitutedphenyl)acetamides (5a-r), 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-(substitutedphenyl)propanamides (8a-q) and 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-(substitutedphenyl)hexamides (11a-g). In scheme-4 and 5, different substituted phenyl amines (1a-h) were stirred with 4-chloromethylbenzoyl chloride (12) and 3-chloromethylbenzoyl chloride (15) in basic medium to yield 4-(chloromethyl)-N-(substitutedphenyl)benzamides (13a-h) and 3-(chloromethyl)-N-(substitutedphenyl)benzamides (16a-h) as electrophiles. The synthesized electrophiles were treated with 4 to acquire final compounds as 4-{[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl] methyl}-N-(substitutedphenyl)benzamides (14a-h) and 3-{[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl}-N-(substitutedphenyl)benzamides (17a-h). In scheme-6 to 8, {4-[(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-1-piperazinyl}(2-furyl)methanone (19) was synthesized by stirring 4 and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (18) in a basic medium. The compound 19 was refluxed with different previously electrophiles, 13a-h, 16a-h and acylhalides (22a-g) to synthesize 4-[(2,4-dichloro-6-{[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]sulfonyl}phenoxy)methyl]-N-(substituted phenyl) benzamides (20a-h), 3-[(2,4-dichloro-6-{[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]sulfonyl} phenoxy)methyl]-N-(substitutedphenyl)benzamides (21a-h) and O-acyl derivatives (23a-g). In scheme-9 and 10, different 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol (28a-g) were sytnthesized from corresponding aryl carboxylic acids (25a-g) through esterification and hydrazide formation. Two electrophiles, {4-[4-(chloromethyl)benzoyl]-1-piperazinyl}(2-furyl)methanone (24) and {4-[3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl]-1-piperazinyl}(2-furyl)methanone (30) were synthesized in basic medium by the reaction of 4 with 12 and 15. The synthesized electrophiles, 24 and 30, were refluxed with 28a-g to prepare {4-[4-({[5-(substituted)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)benzoyl]-1-piperazinyl} (2-furyl) methanone (29a-g) and {4-[3-({[5-(substituted)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)benzoyl]-1-piperazinyl} (2-furyl) methanone (31a-g). In scheme-11, the secondary amines (32a-h) were stirred with 4-bromomethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (33) in a basic medium to get sulfonamides, 34a-h, as electrophiles. These electrophiles were refluxed with 4 in acetonitrile in the presence of K2CO3 to get a series of 1-{[1-(2-furoyl)piperazin-4-yl]methyl}phenyl-4-sulfonyl substituted secondary amines (35a-h). In scheme-12 and 13, bromoalkyl amines (36 and 43) were stirred with phenyl chloroformate (22e) in a basic medium to yield phenyl 2-bromoethylcarbamate (37) and phenyl 3-bromopropylcarbamate (44). These two compounds were subjected to nitration and bromination to acquire 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl 2-bromoethylcarbamate (39), 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2-bromoethylcarbamate (41), 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl 3-bromopropylcarbamate (46) and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 3-bromopropyl carbamate (48). All these electrophiles were refluxed with 4 to synthesize a series of carbamates, phenyl 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethylcarbamate (38), 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethylcarbamate (40), 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethylcarbamate (42), phenyl 3-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl carbamate (45), 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl 3-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]propylcarbamate (47) and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 3-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]propylcarbamate (49). The synthesized compounds were initially checked through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and then finally corroborated through spectral data of IR (Infra Red), 1H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), 13C-NMR (Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and EI-MS (Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry). Some spectra are also given for structural elucidation in the discussion section of chapter 4. The compounds are also characterized by the physical data of like color, state, yield, melting points (not for sticky solids), molecular formula and molecular mass. The pharmacological screening of synthesized molecules included the evaluation of their antibacterial and enzyme inhibition potential. The antibacterial potential against different bacterial strains was conducted through two methods including dilution and disc diffusion. Activity through dilution method was compared with Ciprofloxacin and that with disc diffusion method was compared with Rifamicin. Antifungal activity was also tested through disc diffusion method in comparison of Fluconazole. The enzyme inhibition potential was evaluated against α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with reference of Acarbose, Eserine and Eserine respectively. The pharmacological screening results were also aided by % hemolytic activity for toxicity of compounds with reference to PBS (phosphate buffer saline) and Triton X-100. Molecular docking study was also conducted for enzyme inhibition data in order to explain the types of interactions with the active site of the considered enzyme by the most active compounds. Among the synthesized one hudred and nine (109) compounds, a number of compounds have exhibited pharmacological activity potential. The structure activity relationship (SAR) of these compounds has been demonstrated explicatively in chapter 4 under discussion section. The most potent antibacterial agents and enzyme inhibitors with least toxicity might be subjected to in vivo study for further analysis as drug candidates. These compounds might be considerable for the pharmacological industries as new drug candidates for drug discovery program.