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Detection of Macrolide Residues in Poultry Meat and Eggs by Microbiological and Chemical Assays

Thesis Info

Author

Khan Muhammad Shafique

Department

Deptt. of Microbiology, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

100

Subject

Microbiology

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil BIO/1988

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676716632447

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فصل اول: پاکستان میں قوانین حدود و قصاص کےنفاذ کی تاریخ

14اگست 1947ء کو پاکستان معرض وجود میں آیا۔ اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان کو اسلام کاقلعہ سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ یہ دنیا کا ایک ایسا ملک ہے ، جو اس عہد و پیمان کے ساتھ وجود میں آیا کہ یہاں اسلامی نظریات کو عملی شکل میں پیش کیا جائے گا۔ اس حوالے سے ہر دور میں کاوشیں کی گئی۔ 9 مارچ 1948ء کو پیش کی جانے والی قرار داد مقاصد اسی کاوش کا پیش خیمہ ہے۔اسلامی قانون سازی کے لیے پاکستان کی تاریخ میں جنوری 1951ء میں غیر سرکاری سطح پر مختلف مذہبی اور فقہی پس منظر کے حامل علمائے کرام نے بائیس نکاتی فارمولا پیش کیا ۔ 1956ء کے آئین کے تحت رائج شدہ قوانین کا جائزہ لے کر اسلامی تعلیمات کے مطابق ڈھالنے کےلیے اسلامک لاء کمیشن تشکیل دیا گیا۔ 1962ء کے آ ئین کے تحت اسلامی نظریہ کی مشاورتی کونسل کا تصور سامنے آیا، جس کی عملی شکل 1963ء میں پیش ہوئی۔ سقوط ڈھا کہ دسمبر 1971ء کے بعد ذوالفقار علی بھٹو نے حکومت سنبھالی اور اگست 1973ء میں ملک کو ایک مستقل آئین ملا۔اس آئین کے تناظر میں اسلامی نظریاتی کونسل جیسا ادارہ وجود میں لایا گیا تاکہ موجودہ قوانین پر نظر ِ ثانی کر کے انہیں اسلامی احکام سے ہم آہنگ کیا جا سکے۔

Customer-Focused Supply Chain Strategy Developing 4 Rs Model in Apparel Industry

In CFSCS the chief achievement is to counter consumer demand in real-time, that act will cut down the cost to experience productivity at an economical scale and give a chance to customers to practice a superior experience. The organizations practicing or implementing a strong CFSCS (customer-focused supply chain strategy) are performing at their excellence in the sales sector, share in the market, productivity, and high level of customer satisfaction. The supply chain mechanism is highly customer focused in CFSCS, Chief elements of the success are highly dependent on the 4Rs model (responsiveness, resiliency, reliability, and realignment) and provide better services at low cost as compared to the traditional supply chain model. The study explores that the 4Rs model in CFSCS is a chief driver for this purpose we develop various frameworks. Our field of proving the CFSCS 4Rs model is in the apparel industry.

Determination of Anhydrides and Use of Proteins As Biomolecular in Plasma In-Spin of Toxicity in Health Risk of Organics

Safe occupational workplace and hygiene measures are important among industrial workers. Workplace related health problems are the most common of developing industry poor workers. Around the world approximately 300 million people suffer by asthma and respiration related problems. In Pakistan, there are many patients suffer by asthma and allergy complications. The highest numbers of cases have been reported in Karachi and Multan due to industrial activities and other factors. The Organic acid anhydrides (OAAs) are widely industrial chemicals used in textiles, plastics, dyes, paints, pesticides, adhesives & resin industries. The most commonly used OAAs in these industries are phthalic anhydride (PA) maleic anhydride (MA), succinic anhydride (SA), trimellitic anhydrides (TMA) and acetic anhydride (AA). These anhydrides react with proteins and form adducts (complex) contributing harmful effects of asthma and sensitization problems in the exposed workers. This study is carried out on the industrial workers of Kotri SITE Area Industrial zone located at the south west of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Allergy is major disease with two of the most common forms with (type I allergy) symptoms such as conjunctivitis, asthma, rhinitis, and (type IV allergy) allergenic contact dermatitis found commonly among exposed workers. There is lack of occupational hygiene schemes in the SITE area, Kotri. The survey data designed questionnaire was filled from workers in the study area. The survey data has been designed with questionnaire between the different worker groups filled for workers. My study is to investigate the protein role clinically and metabolically among exposed workers from local industry workers compared with healthy controls by different analytical techniques. Spectrophotometric studies were performed on UV/Visible Lambda 35 Perkin Elmer (USA) with its computer software to confirm adducts (complex) formation of selected five OAAs (maleic anhydride(MA), phthalic anhydride(PA),succinic V anhydride(SA), acetic anhydride (AA), trimellitic anhydride (TMA) ) with two major proteins like serum albumin(SA) and hemoglobin (Hb). The SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis analysis for serum albumin and hemoglobin Proteins (dye industry & Paint industry workers) was done successfully. The clinical data and demographic properties were obtained with the help of questionnaire by local physician after taking consent. The hematological parameters (blood C.P) were performed upon industry workers as powder paints may contain excess amount of anhydrides responsible for irritation and sensitization. Biochemical analysis is an extremely important study helps in diagnosis of many diseases at earliest performed most in clinical chemistry. The blood samples analyzed for determination of LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase), Glucose (random), Alkaline Phosphate (Alkaline Phosphatase), SGPT (Serum aspartate aminotransferase), SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase), CPK (Creatine Phospho Kinase), Albumin (SA), Hemoglobin (Hb), Blood Urea, Creatinine, Total Protein, Total Cholestrol , Triglycerides, LDL Cholestrol, .HDL Cholestrol, Calcium (Ca),Chloride (Cl) and Potassium on flame photometer. The total immunoglobulin IgE was also investigated on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant assay (ELISA) test to associate with Plasma protein role upon exposed workers and control samples. The evaluation of Blood serum samples in different groups of exposed workers was compared with controlgroups for variation. Almost 76% of workers were affected due to protein binding with hazardous anhydrides and indicated as community problem for improving the quality of life.