سگمنڈ فرائڈ
گذشتہ ستمبر میں آسٹریلیا کے مشہور محلل نفسی سگمنڈ فرایڈ کا پچاسی سال کی عمر میں لندن میں انتقال ہوگیا۔
نفسیات میں اس کا موضوع جنسی جبلت تھا، پچاس برس تک وہ اس پر غور و فکر کرتا رہا، شروع میں اس نے پانچ سال تک وائنا میں عصبی المزاجی پر تحقیقات کی، ۱۸۹۶ء میں جب اس نے اپنے لکچروں میں یہ دعویٰ کیا کہ عصبی المزاج اشخاص کے مرض کا سبب ان کی جنسی جبلت میں پایا جاتا ہے، تو عام طور سے اسے مضحکہ انگیز سمجھا گیا، لیکن عصبی المزاجی کے مریض رفتہ رفتہ سگمنڈ فرائڈ کی طرف رجوع کرنے لگے، ان میں بعض ایسے تھے، جو جانوروں سے غیر معمولی طور سے خوفزدہ رہتے تھے یا گفتگو میں ہکلاتے تھے، یا تھوڑی تھوڑی دیر کے بعد اپنے ہاتھوں کو پانی سے دھوتے رہتے تھے، یا سر کے درد یا کسی اور بیماری میں مدتوں سے مبتلا رہتے تھے، یا ان کے ہاتھ اور پاؤں مفلوج تھے، ان میں سے اکثر جنون کی حد تک پہنچ چکے تھے، فرائڈ ان تمام امراض کا علاج نفسیاتی طریقہ سے کرنا چاہتا تھا، مگر اس سے اس کو اب تک واقفیت نہیں ہوئی تھی۔
اس قسم کے امراض کا علاج عموماً مصنوعی نیند کے ذریعہ سے کیا جاتا تھا، ایک دن فرائڈ کے ایک دوست ڈاکٹر جوزف بردار نے اس سے اپنی ایک مریضہ کا واقعہ بیان کیا، مریضہ کی عمر اکیس سال تھی، اس کا باپ ایک مہلک مرض میں مبتلا تھا، وہ اس کی تیمارداری کرتی تھی، کہ ایک دن اس کے داہنے ہاتھ اور دونوں پیروں میں فالج گرگیا، ڈاکٹر مذکور نے مصنوعی نیند کی حالت میں مریضہ سے مختلف سوالات کئے، اس سے مرض کے تمام علامات ظاہر ہوتے گئے، تیمارداری کے زمانہ میں لڑکی نے اپنی بہت سی خواہشوں کو...
e Qasama Doctrine of Islamic Criminal Law
The mashroom-growth like blind murder cases, have, now a days confused
and perplexed the law-enforcing agencies the reason is that such
murder-cases are taken in hand and tried to be dealt with the common criminal
procedures The criminal in such a case leaving no clue thereto succeed in
detracting the police. As a result the FIR is lodged against an anonymous
'accused' afterwards and the case is filed because of the non-availability of
required proof. Contrary to the above Islam introduces the procedure cf
Qasama _ which literally means administring an oath which in juristic
terminology applied to a way and process where some persons are held
responsible in a blind murder for an oath in words, that; By Allah! Neither they
have committed the murder nor they noticed the culprit. In case of refusal they
are adjudicated for Qisasand for the payent of Diyat in vice versa.
Historically Qasama procedure is traced back to pre-lslamic tribal-law
which were then, afterwards modified and re-enforced by the Prophet (SAW)
and his Khulafa. With the exception of some minor juristic controversies
regarding the structure and framework of Qasama procedure multitude of
muslim jurists hold it a valid way for the adjudication of a blind-murder. It is
with all regrets that-lslamic Ideological council ( HC) despite its introduction .
Due to a rapid growth in the field of multimedia content, the user now demands video summaries, which represent the video content in a precise and compact manner according to their needs. Conventionally, video summaries have been produced by using a low-level image, audio and textual features, which are unaware of the viewer’s requirements and result in a semantic gap. Video content evokes certain emotions in a viewer, which can be measured and act as a strong source of information to generate summaries meeting viewer’s expectation. In this research, personalized video summarization framework is designed that classifies viewer’s emotion based on his/her facial expressions and electroencephalography (EEG) signals while watching a video to extract keyframes is presented. The first contribution of this thesis is to propose a new strategy to recognize facial expressions. For this purpose, the stationary wavelet transform is used to extract features for facial expression recognition due to its good localization characteristics, both in spectral and spatial domains. More specifically, a combination of horizontal and vertical sub-bands of the stationary wavelet transform is used as these sub-bands contain muscle movement information for the majority of the facial expressions. Feature dimensionality is reduced by applying discrete cosine transform on these sub bands. The selected features are then passed into a feed-forward neural network that is trained through back propagation algorithm to recognize facial expressions. The second contribution of this thesis is to generate personal video summaries with proposed facial expression recognition scheme. The video is shown to the viewer and facial expressions are recorded simultaneously using a Microsoft Kinect device. Those frames are selected as keyframes from the video, where different facial expressions of the viewer are recognized. The third and final contribution of this research is a new personalized video summarization technique based on human emotion classification using EEG signals. The video is shown to the viewer and electrical brain activity is recorded simultaneously using EEG electrodes. Features are extracted in time, frequency and wavelet domain to classify viewer’s emotion into happy, love, sad, anger, surprise and neutral. Those frames are selected as keyframes from the video, where the different emotions of the viewer are evoked. According to the experimental results the proposed facial expression recognition scheme using stationary wavelet transform gives an accuracy of 98.8%, 96.61% and 94.28% in case of Japanese Female Facial Expressions (JAFFE), Extended Cohn Kanade Dataset (CK+) and Microsoft- Kinect (MS-Kinect) datasets. Furthermore, it is evident from the results that the personalized video summarization using proposed facial expression recognition generates personal video summaries with high precision, recall, F-measure, accuracy rate, and low error rate, hence reducing the semantic gap. In case of emotion recognition using EEG signals, classification accuracy up to 92.83% is achieved by using support vector machine classifier when time, frequency and wavelet domain features are used in a hybrid manner. Experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed EEG based personal video summarization framework outperforms the state-of-the-art video summarization methods