نظام التعليم المسجدي في الصين

Praise be to Allah and peace and blessings be upon the leader of all the Prophets, upon his descendants, his disciples, and the ones who follow him to the Day of Judgment.     Islam entered China as early as in the first century Hijrah corresponding to the seventh century AD, in the reign of Caliph Othman. From the beginning until current time, ten national minority groups accepted Islam.   Chinese Muslim Community is the second biggest Muslim minority group in the world, but tops the chart when it comes to bearing the hardships for Islam. The Mosque in china not used only for prayer, but also a place for Muslims to learn Islamic knowledge, which has played a significant role in consolidation of faith and alleviating hardships. But unluckily most of foreigner Muslim brothers do not know about Mosque education system in china, that’s why I have chosen this topic to provide basic concept about Mosque education (Madrasa) in china.   Lastly, I hope this small article would be useful and wish the readers might get the most benefits from it. Inshallah!

Impact of Devolution on Managerial Functions of Public Health: Perception of Health Managers in Pakistan

The objective of the study was to examine the impact of devolution reform of 2001 on the health management functions and to determine the change in managerial roles and responsibilities after the devolution reform. Qualitative research methods, inclusive of review of published as well as the grey literature, archival analysis and informant interviews were used for analysis. An internationally validated tool was used for data collection and analysis. Analysis of data showed that devolution reform of 2001 has changed the power holder scenario in the Health sector all the way down from the National level to the District and Facility level, with an increased involvement of District level after devolution. On the other side there is still a conflict among various power holders, about who has the authority and has responsibility of certain managerial functions. This conflict is visible, in the way respondents identified the level of authority and responsibility for each managerial function, and the level of agreement (or disagreement) among the respondents for that function. After the devolution, lower level managerial cadre has been upgraded with new district level management system, but it has increased the role- conflict among various power-holders in health system. This role-conflict resulted in increased ambiguity and a negative impact on the managerial functions of public health. The main conclusion of the study is that health managers in Pakistan do not share same perceptions of how responsibility and authority are distributed after the devolution. Managerial powers were not clearly allocated even in past before decentralization, but post-devolution situation has further increased the role conflict in the health system. Management roles in health sector have become more ambiguous after devolution, and the impact of devolution in redistribution of management responsibility and authority has not been in a better and desired direction. A model of managerial functions in post-devolved health systems is also suggested in recommendations.