حضرت مولانا حماد اللہ ہالیجوی کی زندگی کا علمی جائزہ

Allah Almighty is the creator of the whole universe. He bestowed wisdom and intellect to humanbeings. He sent his prophets for their guidance. Prophets taught how to worship Almighty Allah by heart and serve humanity. After Prophets, it is the responsibility of religious scholars to guide people to the right way. Islam also explicitly encourages inward reform. Sub continent Indo-Pak has the privilege of being the gateway of Islam, as well as the benefit of great Islamists and brave people. The great scholars of Islam, Ulama, Hufaaz, Writers, Researchers, Intellectuals, Scientists and saints got birth on this pure land. These great personalities served their religion Islam with their self-determinations and eliminated the darkness of ignorance and eliminated the darkness of misguidance. Such great human lives and their educational, religious and literary activities have been documented, as the next generation could be aware of their great hostilities, writings and made their lives and their experiences as a model for themselves. Maulānā Ḥamadullah Ḥālajwī is one of them. He was a prominent pious Islamic scholar, researcher and a saint. He spent his whole life to follow the commands of Almighty Allah and the teachings of Holy Prophet (PBUH). He adapted his life according to the Sunnah. He used to do everything according to the Sunnah. He was a master of good personality and good character. His words were full of wisdom. During his meeting or statement, it seemed as if there was a sea of ​​knowledge, whose ripples were visible in his sermons. He used to make great arrangements for payment of religious duties. He was very pious and devout. His life is an ideal life and his religious and academic services are unpredictable. Practicing the Sunnah had become his mark and identity. He urged others to follow the commands of Allah and His Messenger (PBUH). Sitting in the company of such pious saints is also considered in worship. The bigger his personality, the more humble and controversial he was. This is actually the identity of a mediator and scholar. He was oceans of knowledge and action. The vacuum created by his death takes a long time to fill. Such individuals survive for centuries.

Blodiversity and Parasitic Prevalence of Bats in Selected Areas of North West, Pakistan

Bats are cosmopolitan in distribution and are highly diverse. Around the globe, bats are represented by around 1200 species while 52 species have been reported from Pakistan. During the present survey, extending from 2015 through 2017, overall 14 species, belonging to 7 genera and 5 families were recorded from Bajaur Agency in the Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) which has never explored for chiropteran diversity prior to the present survey. These families include: Pteropodidae, Rhinopomatidea, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae while the genera include Rousettus, Rhinopoma, Megaderma, Rhinolophus, Myotis and Scotophillus. Morphological, cranial and bacular features of the captured bat specimens were recorded and bat species were identified using authentic taxonomic keys. Three specimens of Hodgson''s batMyotis formosuswere captured from the study area using mist and hand nets. External body, cranial and bacular features of the captured specimens were recorded and compared with those available in literature. Mean head and body length of the captured specimens was 42.06±4.01 mm, forearm length was 47.16±0.93 mm, greatest length of skull (n = 2) was 17.38±0.17 mm while total baculum length was 8.1 mm.The species is the first ever recording from the study area. Similarly, five congeners Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Javan Pipistrelle P. javanicus, Coromandel Pipistrelle P. coromandra, least Pipistrelle P. tenuis and Kelaart’sPipistrelleP. ceylonicuswere recorded for the first time from the study area. Average forearm length of P. pipistrellus, P. javanicus, P. coromandra, P. tenuis and P. ceylonicus was30.9±0.14mm, 35.13±0.53mm, 31.64±1.19mm, 28.49±1.25mm and 40.11±2.24mm, respectively. The greatest length of skull of these xv species was 11.75±0.35mm, 13.69±0.25mm, 12.48±0.34mm, 11.83±0.30mm and 15.00±0.15mm, respectively, while their total bacular length was 1.58mm, 3.81±0.01mm, 3.82±0.47mm, 2.11±0.707mm and 5.83±2.15mm, respectively. The bacular feature like sizeand shape were the characters that help in clear cut nomencatular of these bat taxa. Nine specimens (2♂, 7♀) of Myotis muricolawere captured from the study area. Mean forearm length (n= 9) and greatest length of skull (n= 4) of the collected specimens were 32.91 ± 1.15 mm and 13.00 ± 0.05 mm, respectively.The penis was somewhat round, small and thick while the baculum was very strongand bent upward with a thin basal concavity. During the present survey, five specimens (1♂,4♀) of greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were captured using hand nets from a cave Levoghar (local name)in district Dir lower. Mean forearm lengthof the captured specimens was 61.94 ± 2.76 mm, their head and body length was 63.77 ± 4.26 mm, greatest length of skull (n = 2)was 23.82 ± 0.40 mm and total length of baculum of a single male specimen was 3.97 mm.R. ferrumequinum was never reported from the study area prior to the present study. Two species of the genus Scotophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) have been reported from Pakistan. During the present survey, specimens of both the species viz. S. heathii (n = 5) and S. kuhlii (n = 44) were captured from Bajaur agency in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and Peshawar, Dir lower and Swat districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Forearm length was 62.46 ± 1.57 mm, greatest length of the skull (n= 1) was 23.80 mm, while mean total bacular length of S. heathii (n = 2) was 1.77 ± 0.19 mm. Similarly, mean forearm length of S. kuhlii (n = 44) specimens was 51.64 ± 2.02 mm, greatest skull length (n = 19) was 19.80 ± 0.61 mm xvi and total bacular length (n = 6) was 1.84 ± 4.98 mm. These species were never reported from FATA prior to this studay.Furthermore, Rhinolophus hipposderous,Rhinopoma microphyllum, Megadermalyra and Rousettus leschenaulti were also captured from the study area. Similarly specimens of (13♂, 1♀) Rhinopoma microphyllum were captured from the study area and their external body, cranial and bacular measurements were recorded. Mean forearm length of these specimens was 68.90 ± 1.42 mm, greatest length of the skull of four specimens were20.32 mm, respectively while total bacular length (n= 13) was recorded 1.36 ± 0.23 mm. During the present survey, 15 specimens (11♂, 4♀)of Rhinolophus hipposideroswere captured. Mean forearm length of these specimens was 37.38 ± 0.91 mm, while total bacular length (n = 2) was3.35 ± 0.57 mm. Specimens (n = 4) ofMegaderma lyra were also observed in the study area. Average forearm length and greatest length of skull of these specimens was 67.00 ± 1.41 mm and 29.00 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. Single species of fruit bats i.e. Rousettus leschenaultia was also captured during the survey. Mean greatest skull length, forearm lengthof the collected specimens was82.51±1.79 mm and35.84 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. Ectoparasitic prevalence of the bats inhabiting the study area was also assessed. A species of soft ticks Argasvespertilioniswas identified from 23 bat specimens. Similarly, members of the family Dermanyssoidae (dermanyssoid mites) were isolated from 10 bat specimens, that of Spinturnicidae (spinturnicid mites) from 3 and Streblidae (bat flies) from 2 bat specimens. These parasites were collected using entomological tweezers and were identified on morphological basis. Further studies on parasitic prevalence, molecular characterization of bat parasites and their control measures should be conducted.