علم مختلف الحدیث پر امام شافعی کے تفکرات کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

After the era of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), there were dissimilarities in interpretations of contradictive revelations by Muhammad (S.A.W) thereby questioning their authentication while being considered a basic source of extracting the Sharia acts. In this context, Imam Shāfʿī studies all the dissimilarities and contradictions and devised finest principles which performed very positive role in rationalizing the conflicting Ahadiths. He was first to discuss these matters in an innovative manner. It is therefore, essential for investigator to refer to Shāfʿīs principles to rationalize any Hadith lying under contradiction. Imam Shāfʿī stated that Hadith is not itself contradicting but its apparent meaning leads the investigator into misconception. Consequently, he has stated three methods to remove this conflict. First is the combination (جمع) which recommends working on both Ahadiths at the same time rather than leaving either of them. Second is the abrogation (تنسیخ) which requires extensive knowledge of Quran and History before inferring the final decision of Muhammad (S.A.W) and scholars widely recommend Imam Shāfiʿī in recognizing abrogated Ahadiths. Third is preference (ترجيح) which is based upon peripheral attributes.

Creatine Monohydrate As a Neuroprotective Agent in Female Albino Mouse Following Neonatal Hapoxia Ischemia Encephalopathy

Female albino mice, on postnatal day 10, were subjected to left carotid artery ligation followed by 8% hypoxia for 25 minutes. During short term experiments three sensorimotor reflexes (Righting, Cliff Aversion and Negative geotaxis) were determined along with brain infarcts to demonstrate the effect of hypoxic-ischemic insult. During long term experiments, mice with and without hypoxic ischemic insult (HI and NO HI) were divided in to three treatments on the basis of diet supplementation (Normal rodent diet, 1% and 3% creatine supplemented diet) for 10 week following weaning on postnatal day 20. A battery of neurological tests was used to asses long term neurofunction (Rota rod, open field and Morris water maze) along with infarct measurement and determination of interleukin-6 and 18 in serum. During short term experiments mice subjected to hypoxia ischemia on postnatal day 10 exhibited poor sensorimotor reflexes 1 and 24 hour after brain injury. During long term experiment, it was observed that overall creatine supplementation in both HI and NO HI group improved neuromuscular performance but the affect was more pronounced in 3% creatine supplemented treatment. In open field, creatine supplementation enhanced locomotory and exploratory behaviour significantly in HI treated mice. During morris water maze it was observed that creatine supplementation improved spatial memory and enhanced swimming speed in both HI and NO HI groups. A significant affect of creatine supplementation in reducing infarct size was also observed. It was noticed that creatine supplementation helped in reducing IL-6 concentrations while no significant effect was observed on IL-18 concentrations in serum of female albino mice during long term experiment following hypoxic ischemic insult. Overall female albino mice supplemented with creatine monohydrate during neurological studies demonstrated better learning abilities and neuromuscular coordination and the affect was more pronounced in HI treated mice. It was also observed that the mice supplemented with 3% creatine diet performed better than mice on 1% creatine diet during series of neurological test batteries in both HI and NO HI group.