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To Elucidate Malt Lymphoma Pathogenesis With Reference to Dr4 Expression

Thesis Info

Author

Khurram Liaqat

Department

Department of Biochemistry, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

75

Subject

Biochemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M. Phil BIO 3689

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676716685804

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لیون ٹرائسکی

ٹرائسکی، لیون
لیون ٹراٹسکی صاحب قلم بھی تھا
دنیا لیون ٹراٹسکی (Leon Tratisky) کو صرف مزدوروں اور کسانوں میں انقلاب پیدا کرنے والے کی حیثیت سے جانتی تھی، حالانکہ انقلابی کے ساتھ وہ ایک ممتاز صاحب قلم بھی تھا، گزشتہ ۲۰؍ اگست ۱۹۴۰؁ء کو اسٹیلن (Stalin) کے اشارہ سے جیکسن (Jackson) کے ہاتھوں وہ قتل کیا گیا، اس کی موت انقلابی دنیا کے لئے تو بڑا حادثہ ہے ہی، لیکن ادبی دنیا کے لئے بھی کچھ کم دردناک سانحہ نہیں گو اس کی حیثیت ہندوستان میں بہت کم لوگوں کو معلوم ہے، سیاسی مشاغل کے ساتھ ساتھ اس کے ساتھ ہمیشہ ادبی مشاغل بھی جاری رہے، چنانچہ ۱۹۰۵؁ء کے انقلاب میں جب اسے سائبیریا جلاوطن کردیا گیا تھا، اور وہ وہاں سے فرار ہوکر وائنا پہنچا، تو یہاں برابر پروڈا (Pravada) میں مضامین لکھتا رہا، ۱۹۱۳؁ء میں جنگ بلقان کے سلسلہ میں اس نے جو خط و کتابت کی تھی، ادبی حیثیت سے اس کی خاص اہمیت ہے، کچھ دنوں تک امریکہ میں ایک اخبار کی ادارت بھی کی، غالباً یہ کسی کو معلوم نہ ہوگا کہ وہ اسٹالن کی سوانح لکھ رہا تھا، جس کا نصف حصہ انگریزی میں ترجمہ ہوچکا تھا، باقی حصہ نظرثانی کی وجہ سے اب تک پریس میں نہ جاسکا، یوں تو اس کے بہت سے چھوٹے چھوٹے ادبی کام ہیں، لیکن تاریخ انقلاب روس کی تین ضخیم مجلدات اس کا سب سے بڑا ادبی کارنامہ ہیں، اس کتاب نے دنیا کے ادیبوں اور مصنفوں میں اس کا پایہ بہت بلند کردیا ہے، اس موضوع پر اس حسن خوبی سے لکھنا اسی کا حصہ تھا، وہ مسلم الثبوت نثرنویس اور انشاء پرداز تھا، لینن کی موت پر اس نے جو تیرہ الفاظ کہے تھے، وہ روسی ادب کے موتی تصور کئے جاتے ہیں۔
(’’ا ۔ ع‘‘، نومبر ۱۹۴۰ء)

Citizens' Assessment on Programs for Education of the Local Government Unit of Banga, Aklan

Citizen Satisfaction Index System (CSIS) was used to assess the delivery of support to education initiatives in the municipality of Banga, Aklan, Philippines. The samples were determined using multiple application of stratified random sampling approach. In accordance with the Philippine Statistical Authority's Data on Census Population and Housing for 2015, barangays having a bigger share of the population contributed more respondents to the 150 targeted participants. Following the inclusion criteria, the probability respondents were chosen using the Kish Grid. Pre-numbered questionnaires were distributed, with odd numbers targeting male responders and even numbers targeting females. The following criteria were used to evaluate the respondents' assessments: awareness, availment of the program/service, satisfaction, and need for action. Furthermore, interviews were conducted to better understand and investigate the respondents' thoughts, behavior, and perspectives. The reasons for their reaction were also obtained. The data was provided in percentage as well as frequency distributions. The study inferred that awareness on alternative learning system and/or special education program should be improved since it is the only program that attained low rating for awareness. Most of the residents were not able to avail education programs because they have no household member who attends school. Majority of the respondents who availed the services were satisfied. However, scholarship and other assistance programs to students may be enhanced to improve service delivery. It is highly recommended by the citizens to improve accessibility to scholarship programs and other forms of financial assistance to students.

Comparative Studies on the Distribution, Correlation and Multivariate Apportionment of Selected Elements in Blood and Scalp Hair of Cardiovascular Patients and Healthy Donors

Cardiovascular disease has become a ubiquitous cause of morbidity and a leading contributor to mortality worldwide. Numerous epidemiological studies showed intimating development of cardiovascular disease caused by elemental imbalance. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the concentrations of selected essential, trace and toxic elements (Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Sr and Zn) in the scalp hair and blood samples of the three different types of cardiovascular patients (angina patients, myocardial infarction patients and valvular heart disease patients) in comparison with their counterpart healthy donors/controls. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the quantification of selected elements by employing the nitric acid/perchloric acid-based wet digestion method. In the scalp hair of the angina patients, dominant mean levels were found for Ca (3310 μg/g), Mg (351.1 μg/g), Zn (278.6 μg/g) and Na (251.3 μg/g), while the healthy donors showed higher concentrations for Ca (2201 μg/g), Na (590.7 μg/g), Mg (548.1 μg/g) and Zn (289.8 μg/g) in their scalp hair. Likewise, in the scalp hair of myocardial infarction patients, higher contributions were noted for Ca (2265 μg/g), Mg (604.7 μg/g), Zn (264.4 μg/g), Na (206.1 μg/g) and Sr (103.4 μg/g). In addition, an elevated mean levels were observed for Ca (1862 μg/g), Mg (667.7 μg/g), Zn (342.5 μg/g) and Na (114.9 μg/g) in the scalp hair of valvular heart disease patients. On the average basis, the concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Li, Pb and Sr were significantly higher in the scalp hair of angina and myocardial infarction patients in comparison with healthy donors; whereas mean contents of Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Sr were significantly elevated in the scalp hair of valvular heart disease patients compared to the matching healthy donors. In a correlation study, strong relationships (r > 0.500) in the scalp hair of angina patients were observed for Cr-Fe, Fe-Li, Cr-Li, Mn-Fe, Cu-Li, Fe-K, Co-Fe, Co-Li and Co-K, whereas, the strong correlations were found for Ca-Mg, Sr-Ca, Cu- K, Cu-Sr, Zn-Mg, Mg-Sr, K-Sr, Ca-Mn, Ca-Cu, Ca-Zn, Ca-K, Ca-Na, Cd-Pb, Mg-Na and Cu-Mn in the scalp hair of myocardial infarction patients. However, significantly positive correlations were noted between Ca-Sr, Cu-Sr, Mg-Sr, Ca-Mn, Na-K, Mg-Mn, Mn-Sr, Ca-Cu and Ca-Mg in the scalp hair of valvular heart disease patients. The correlation behaviour of the elements in the scalp hair of healthy donors remained was noticeably diverse compared with all three types of the patients. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data revealed four PCs for angina and myocardial infarction patients and five PCs for valvular heart disease patients, with significant diverse loadings. Cluster analysis (CA), also evidenced a significantly divergent pattern of elemental clustering in the scalp hair of three categories of the patients compared with counterpart healthy donors. In the case of the blood samples, angina patients showed higher contributions for Na (1446 μg/g), Fe (480.5 μg/g), K (469.5 μg/g), Mg (32.35 μg/g), Ca (31.92 μg/g) and Zn (9.309 μg/g), while higher average levels in healthy donors were noted for Na (1083 μg/g), K (767.1 μg/g), Fe (346.0 μg/g), Ca (102.9 μg/g), Mg (37.24 μg/g) and Zn (6.133 μg/g). Similarly, dominant mean levels were found for Na (1658 μg/g), K (1507 μg/g), Fe (408.9 μg/g), Ca (85.75 μg/g), Mg (35.51 μg/g), Pb (8.868 μg/g) and Zn (7.968 μg/g) in the blood of myocardial infarction patients. In case of valvular heart disease patients, average blood levels of Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn were 1151, 1123, 417.3, 46.30, 34.68 and 8.538 μg/g, respectively. Mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Sr and Zn were found to be significantly higher in the blood of all the three categories of patients compared with the healthy donors. The correlation study revealed strong correlations (r > 0.500) between Cu-K, Zn-K and Cu-Zn in the blood of angina patients, while strong positive relationships were noted among Li-Cd, Cr-Li, Cr-Cu, K-Zn, Li-Na, Cd-Cr, Li-Mn, Cu-Li and Li- Pb in the blood of valvular heart disease patients. PCA of the elemental data revealed five significant PCs for angina and valvular heart disease patients and six PCs for myocardial infarction patients, but with noticeably different loadings from the counterpart healthy donors, duly supported by the CA. Measured elemental levels in the patients and healthy donors were also compared in each matrix based on age, gender, abode, dietary habits, smoking habits and occupations; some noticeable differences were observed in both categories. In addition, the role of trace elements in the development of the disease was also discussed. Comparative evaluation of the elemental levels in cardiovascular patients and healthy donors exhibited considerable variations among the patients and controls for both matrices. Present elemental levels in the scalp hair and blood of different donor groups were also compared with the counterpart data reported from different regions of the world. Current mean contents of Cr, Mn, Pb and Sr showed elevated concentrations in the scalp hair and blood of cardiovascular disease patients compared with the studies conducted in other parts of the world. Overall, the present study indicated significant disparities in the distribution, mutual correlations and multivariate apportionment of selected metals in the scalp hair and blood samples of cardiovascular patients compared with the healthy donors. Hence, these elemental variations together with other factors may guide the practitioners to diagnose and suggest the treatment for the cardiovascular disease.