ثنائية الفصل والوصل في البحث البلاغي

Fasl and Wasl are the burning topics of ‘ilm ul-Bayan (Arabic Rhetoric) alongside it is very initial element which brings structure, beautification, embellishment and improvement. Many Arab scholars, in particular, Arab pioneer Rhetoricians had discussed and still have been discussing as well as discoursing Fasl and Wasl related matters. They put their all attention deeply to both of them in the discoursing of Qur’an structure. The utmost susceptible scholar Abu Bakr Abd al-Qahir bin ‘Abd arRahman bin Muhammad al-Jurjanī, the figurative personality, who first time in the history had discussed Fasl and Wasl based structures in his two prolific books; Asrar al-Balaghah (The Secrets of Elucidation) and Dala'il al-I’jaz (Intimations of Inimitability) theoretically and practically. Later on it was developed by Abu alQasim Mahmud bin ‘Umar al-Zamakhshari as he applied both theories to his commentary on Holy Qur’an known as “Al-Kashshaaf (the Revealer)”. The following research attempts all fruitful efforts spent by scholars having different ethics. It brings arguments towards where it is required, bringing out a short comparison between contemporary and classical Fasl and Wasl based perceptions resulting in what the scholar thinks in person.

Neuromorphic Hardware Design

In this thesis, a novel technique to embed synaptic plasticity in neuromorphic hardware is proposed named as Frequency Dependent Synaptic Plasticity. This technique provides an alternate interpretation for plasticity which was conventionally modeled as weight value. In the proposed model of neuromorphic hardware, plasticity is implemented in frequency domain by considering a synaptic connection performing bandpass filtering operation. Currently most of the neuromorphic hardware are based on time domain based plasticity techniques. The proposed model attempts to contribute and suggest an out of the box solution for neurocomputational applications. It has been established through this thesis that the proposed model is biologically plausible in terms of implementation of different phenomena observed in a biological brain such as rate-encoding by Class I type of neuron, decoding of rate-encoded information by selective triggering at post synaptic side, resonance aware synaptic plasticity, population coding, role and interpretation of tuning curve, and frequency based neuronal communication. The proposed hardware operates in analog domain which is closer to the operational domain of brain as compared to its digital counterpart. This thesis also proposes a novel architecture to embed population coding on neuromorphic hardware. Further, it is explained in this thesis that a synaptic junction based on proposed model has a non linear transfer function which omits the requirement of hidden layer in classifying non-linear problems. This will allow applications to use least possible resources, employing input and output nodes only, as compared to a network based on linear weight values.