شیخ عبدالقادر سرفراز (پونا)
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ فضل و کمال کی ایک ممتاز یادگار اٹھ گئی، یعنی پروفیسر شیخ عبدالقادر سرفراز (پونا) نے چوہتر سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، مرحوم مشرقی علوم والسنہ کے نامور فاضل تھے، عربی، فارسی اور انگریزی کے علاوہ سنسکرت اور مرہٹی زبان کے بھی ماہر تھے، عبرانی سے بھی واقفیت رکھتے تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی علم و تعلیم کی خدمت میں گزری، ابتدا میں انفنسٹن کالج بمبئی میں استاد مقرر ہوئے تھے، پھر دکن کالج پونا میں تبادلہ ہوگیا، اور یہیں سے ۱۹۳۳ء میں ریٹائر ہوئے، ان کی علمی خدمات کی فہرست طویل ہے ، بمبئی یونیورسٹی کے عربی فارسی اور اردو مخطوطات کا محققانہ کیٹیلاگ تیار کیا جو عرصہ ہوا چھپ چکا ہے، تاریخ طبری کی بعض جلدوں کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ کیا، یہ بھی شائع ہوچکا ہے، تاریخ جہانگشاہی نادری، سبحۃ الابرار جامی اورو قائع نعمت خان عالی کی تصحیح و تہذیب کی اور اس پر محققانہ حواشی لکھے، جن کی اشاعت کی نوبت ابھی تک نہیں آئی، ان کے علاوہ اور بہت سے کام انجام دیئے، جن کی تفصیل آئندہ کسی پرچہ میں پیش کی جائے گی۔
اس علم کے ساتھ نہایت راسخ العقیدہ و باعمل اور پابند مذہب مسلمان تھے، حج بیت اﷲ کے شرف سے بھی مشرف ہوئے تھے، طبعاً نہایت متین، سنجیدہ، خاموش اور متواضع و خاکسار تھے، مولانا شبلی مرحوم سے ان کے تعلقات بڑے مخلصانہ تھے، جو ان کے بعد وراثۃً دارالمصنفین کے حصہ میں آئے، دارالمصنفین سے ان کو نہایت گہرا تعلق تھا، اس کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے رکن بھی تھے، عرصہ ہوا ایک مرتبہ پونا سے اعظم گڑھ آنے کی زحمت گوارا کی تھی، اب اس زمانہ میں ایسے اصحاب کمال کا پیدا ہونا مشکل ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس سرفرازِ علم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز...
This paper would like to descripte the characteristics of learning that focused on the learners, the benefits, the weaknesses and the steps of its use to achieve the goal of learning Arabic. Learning model is an important part which is understood by every Arabic teacher to be able to present the condition of learning that is always fun for learners. An effective model for learning in Arabic is the learning model that concentrated to student. The use of this learning model is believed to be able to improve the four competencies of Arabic learners, namely the ability to speak, write, read and hear. For this reason, an Arabic teacher must understand the various variants of an effective learning model which centered on the learning potential of students in order to present the materials in an enjoyable. Therefore, it is important for any Arabic teacher to change the teacher-centered paradigm which is conventional teaching towards a modern learning paradigm which centered to the creative ability of students during the Arab learning proccess. The use of learning models which focused to learners in Arabic learning should be supported by teacher innovation that can empower learners to be active during learning. In addition, the teacher seeks to construct the latest Arabic material by utilizing the technology media relevant to the progress of the global education world, especially in learning Arabic as the language of the Islamic world and religious language.
Agroforestry has appealed substantial curiosity in recent times because of its radical potential to preserve and upsurge farm productivity round the globe. Productivity of agroforestry systems mainly depends upon interaction of growth limiting factors (space, water, nutrients, shade etc.). Incompatible alley cropping systems (agroforestry systems) may undesirably upset crop productivity in semi-arid regions on account of intensified competition. It is, therefore, imperative to develop appropriate alley cropping systems comprising trees with suitable understorey crop(s) and/or grass(es) with multi-dimensional complementarity, and application of suitable soil amendments (as nutrient source) to prevaricate losses in biomass productivity/harvestable product(s)/crop yield(s). Adoption of agroforestry systems and application of suitable soil amendments simultaneously improve soil properties and biomass productivity of the ecosystem. The objectives of present research work were to evaluate effect of application of inorganic and organic amendments in different types of agroforestry systems in 2-year field experiments on biomass productivity, soil physiochemical properties and salt dynamics in soil profile. The experiments were carried out at Biosaline Research Station (BSRS), Pakka Anna, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Agroforestry systems included agrisilviculture systems i.e., Acacia and Eucalyptus wheat based systems and silvipastoral systems i.e., Acacia and Eucalyptus para grass based systems established in saline environment. Biomass production of different components of the systems was recorded with due course of time. In agrisilviculture systems, more compatibility was perceived in Acacia wheat based alley cropping systems in contrast to Eucalyptus wheat based systems as the former supported higher growth of understorey wheat crop. Higher trend in growth and yield parameters of wheat was observed in open field systems (full sunlight) whereas; it was lower in Acaciabased systems and lowest in Eucalyptus based system in general (control conditions). Application of nitrogen fertilizer and farm yard manure in combination further enhanced biomass production and soil improvement process. Soil properties (pH, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio) as affected by different systems showed that these properties improved much in Acacia-based systems. Application of nitrogen with farm yard manure further improved the soil properties. In silvipastoral systems, more compatibility was observed in Acacia-para grass based systems as compared to Eucalyptus based systems because the former system supported higher growth of understorey para grass component. Higher trend in growth and production of para grass was observed in open field systems (full sunlight) whereas; it was lower in Acacia-based systems and lowest in Eucalyptus based system. Application of amendments (gypsum and farm yard manure) in combination further enhanced biomass production and soil improvement process. Soil properties (pH, EC and SAR) as affected by different systems showed that these properties improved much in Acacia based systems.