اسلامی تصور ریاست اور غیر اسلامی نظریہ ریاست کا تقابلی جائزہ

In an Islamic state, the leader is obliged by the Quran to run the affairs of the people using ‘Shura’ (consultation). He is elected based upon confidence to lead, not on his policies, because he is obliged to derive laws based upon the Quran and Sunnah، and has no option to not implement the clear laws cont-ained therein, even if not convenient for gov, which provides full protections for people’s rights at all times. In a (Western) secular Democracy, the leaders are not obliged to consult the people in running the affairs (nor fulfil their promises). They derive laws from what is convenient, and may (and do) take away people’s rights using that justification. In Islam, the leader remains in power until he becomes unjust or incompetent. In a (Western) secular Democracy, the leader remains in power despite being unjust or incompetent, and may get elected again if he can lie to the people to persuade them he is the lesser of two evils. An Islamic State is based upon sovereignty to the Creator, who doesn’t change his mind, it not prone to prejudice, bigotry or ignorance. A (Western) secular Democracy is based upon sovereignty of the Individual, who does change their mind, is prone to prejudice, bigotry and ignorance. This article explains deeply about Comparison of Islamic concept of state and non Islamic Idea of State.

Polymorphism Detection and Genotyping of Salt Tolerant Rice Genotypes Using Next Generation Sequencing

Rice production is greatly limited by high level of soil salinity around the world. To overcome this major abiotic constraint, different strategies have been adopted for the development of salt tolerant rice varieties. In present study, tolerance potential of 63 rice genotypes was evaluated at seedling stage under different levels of salt stress. Among screened genotypes, six were found tolerant, 37 moderate tolerant and 20 were sensitive under tested levels of salt stress. Tolerant genotypes showed less reduction in root shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight, compared with FL478 (positive control). Sensitive genotypes showed ~ 90 % reduction in all growth parameters. Selected genotypes, were further assessed using 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, residing within SalTol QTL region on chromosome 1. Ninteen SSR markers were found polymorphic among salt tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Cluster analysis based on SSR markers, grouped genotypes into three clusters as sensitive, tolerant and moderate tolerant. However, population structure analysis combined tolerant and moderate tolerant genotypes in one set. To identify the genetic variation in stress-related genes in salt tolerant genotypes, we performed genotyping by sequencing (GBS) of seven rice lines with contrasting responses to salinity stress. Approximately 83 % reads were mapped to the rice reference genome (Nipponbare). We identified a total of 80,159 SNPs and 6,403 InDels among the seven rice genotypes. Of the SNPs 42 % were identified from the genic regions and out of these 27 % were observed in coding regions. Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify functional SNPs in the genes that changed the functions of proteins. We identified 116 abiotic stress related genes that contained 138 nsSNPs (between tolerant and sensitive) in coding regions, thus having effects on proteins. In other study, selected four BC1F5 populations derived by crossing a high yield recipient rice line (WTR-1) with four donors were used. These populations were sequenced by tGBS. Data analysis revealed presence of 99 non-synonymous deleterious SNPs in 62 loci. Of the 62 affected loci, 10 were predicted to be responsive towards salinity tolerance. Analysis indicated that these genes may contribute to salt stress phenotype in rice varieties, and the identified nonsynonymous deleterious SNPs are useful to distinguish tolerant and sensitive genotypes.