سیالکوٹ ایک تاریخی اور ادبی خطہ رہا ہے۔ اس کی تاریخ پانچ ہزار سال پر محیط ہے۔ سیالکوٹ تاریخی ، جغرافیائی ، ثقافتی،سماجی،تہذیبی،علمی اور ادبی لہاظ سے دوسرے عالمی ادبی شہروں سے کم نہیں۔سیالکوٹ کو اقبال و فیض کے مولد ہونے کا بھی لازوال فخر حاصل ہے۔ بقول گوپی چند نارنگ :
’’ بیسویں صدی کے اردو ادب کو سیالکوٹ کھا گیا نصف اوّل اقبال اور نصف دوم فیض‘‘۔
سیالکوٹ کی مٹی بڑی زرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے ۔ سر زمینِ سیالکوٹ نے علم و ادب اور فنونِ لطیفہ کے میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سر انجام دی ہیں۔ داغ دہلوی اور اقبال کے کئی شاگرد سیالکوٹ کے رہنے والے تھے۔ اقبال و فیض کے علاوہ ارض اقبال میں متعدد مشاہیر پیدا ہوئے جن کے شعری و نثری سرمائے میں آ فاقی موضوعات ، اصناف اور اسالیب موجود ہیں۔ اس طرح خطہء سیالکوٹ کا تخلیقی ادب عالمی ادب کے ہم پلہ ہے۔ راقم الحروف نے اپنی تخلیق بعنوان’’ ارضِ اقبال ۔ آ فاقیت کے آ ئینے میں‘‘ سیالکوٹ سے منسلک مختلف شعرا و ادبا کی ادبی خدمات کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ لیا ہے۔ یہ تحقیقی وتنقیدی جائزہ ادبی خدمات کے علاوہ ادبی رجحانات، ادبی اصناف، اسالیب اور اقبال شناسی کے حوالے سے بھی ہے۔
یہ تصنیف پندرہ مقالات پر مشتمل ہے ۔ جس میں حوالہ جات ، حواشی اور تعلیقات کا خاص خیال رکھا گیا ہے۔ یہ مقالات ہائر ایجوکیشن کمیشن اسلام آباد ،پاکستان کے منظور شدہ ریسرچ جرنلز میں شائع ہو چکے ہیں۔
ڈاکٹر نصیر احمد اسد
سیالکوٹ، پنجاب، پاکستان
Issues of inheritance have been thoroughly maintained in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. As per these injunctions, the principle of AL’Aqrab fal’aqrab “the closest in kin” is to be observed. According to these principles, grandchildren, even though orphaned, have no right to inherit grandfather in the presence of direct children. On the other hand, section 4 of Muslim Family Laws, 1961 grants a share to orphaned grandchildren from the inheritance of his grandfather. Whereas, as per the constitution, no law can be enacted which is repugnant to the injunctions of the Holy Quran and Sunnah, now, whether the above mentioned section is in conformity with the injunctions of the Holy Quran and Sunnah or not is to be treated properly. If not, so from which perspective, it is repugnant to the Islamic Injunctions? These questions have been analysed critically in this paper and finally it has been concluded that section 4 of Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961 contrasts with the injunctions as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah.
Water-limited conditions in early growth stages negatively affect germination and seedling growth, often leading to suboptimal plant population and poor stand establishment. Germination and seedling growth of ten local wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in response to induced water stress conditions and supplemental foliar fertilisation with macronutrients (NPK) were investigated. In two laboratory experiments, the observed germination parameters and calculated stress indices were used as screening criteria for drought tolerance. In one glasshouse experiment, the dose and combinations of N, P, and K for foliar spray were optimised. Germination parameters viz. germination percentage, germination index, promptness index, and germination stress tolerance index declined in response to the increasing polyethylene glycol induced stress levels. Water stress conditions imposed by withholding irrigation at seedling stage reduced plant height stress tolerance index and dry matter stress tolerance index but increased root length stress tolerance index and root to shoot ratio. Based on the results of germination attributes and stress indices, Bhakkar-02 was the most drought tolerant genotype and Shafaq-06 was the most drought sensitive genotype among all tested genotypes. Supplemental foliar fertilisation of macronutrients (N, P, and K), alone or in different combinations improved the water relations, gas exchange characteristics and nutrient contents in both contrasting genotypes, Bhakkar-02 and Shafaq-06. Foliar spray NPK in combination was the most effective treatment in improving plant growth under both well- watered and water-deficit conditions. Subsequently, the best combination of foliar NPK was tested in wire house and field conditions to evaluate the most appropriate growth stage for supplemental fertilisation. In wire house experiment foliar application of NPK spray improved the water relations, gas exchange characteristics (i.e. through accumulation of soluble sugars), total free amino acid, and proline. The antioxidant activity was also improved with foliar NPK spray at anthesis stage. In field experiments foliar application of NPK in combination improved the number of grains per spikelet and 1000-grain weight, which ultimately increased the grain yield at anthesis stage in normally irrigated plants as well as under water stress conditions at anthesis stage in both wheat genotypes. The water shortage at anthesis stage decreased the yield and its components more severely as compared to tillering stage. The drought tolerant Bhakkar- 02 performed well under water stress. So, foliar application of NPK at anthesis stage under water stress conditions gave better results as compared to tillering stage