مولانا سید علی نقی نقوی
اس وقت اس برصغیر میں مولانا سید علی نقی نقوی کا ماتم بپا ہے، انھوں نے اپنے وطن لکھنؤ میں طویل علالت کے بعد ۱۸؍ مئی کو وفات پائی، گونا گوں علمی کمالات اور عملی خوبیوں کے جامع اور فرقۂ شیعہ کے ممتاز علماء و مجتہدین میں تھے، مدرسہ ناظمیہ اور سلطان المدارس میں تعلیم مکمل کرنے کے بعد لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی سے فاضل ادب کا امتحان دیا، پھر پانچ برس تک نجف میں تعلیم حاصل کی اور لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ علوم مشرقیہ میں درس دیا، ۱۹۵۹ء میں علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ دینیات سے وابستہ ہوئے اور ڈین فیکلٹی آف تھیالوجی ہوکر سبکدوش ہوئے، تفسیر، حدیث، فقہ، کلام، فلسفہ، منطق، نحو، لغت، تاریخ اور جغرافیہ کے علاوہ اردو فارسی اور عربی ادب پر بھی ان کی نظر گہری اور وسیع تھی اور عربی کے صاحب دیوان شاعر تھے، عربی، فارسی اور اردو میں تین سو کتابیں یادگار چھوڑیں، ان میں بعض کو شہرت نصیب ہوئی اور بعض کے ترجمے دوسری زبانوں میں ہوئے، وہ بڑے اچھے مقرر اور خطیب بھی تھے۔
مولانا نقن میاں اپنی شرافت، منکسر المزاجی اور حسن خلق کی وجہ سے ہر طبقہ میں مقبول تھے، رواداری اور صلح کل ان کا مسلک تھا اور وہ اتحاد بین المسلمین کے حامی تھے، ان کے شاگردوں کی تعداد ہزاروں سے متجاوز تھی، ان میں ہر فرقہ کے لوگ شامل تھے اور سب کے لئے ان کا فیض عام تھا، وہ دوسرے فرقہ کی مذمت سننا گوارا نہ کرتے تھے، ان کی کتاب ’’شہید انسانیت‘‘ پر خود ان کے فرقہ کے لوگ برہم ہوگئے تھے، مگر وہ سچائی اور حق گوئی سے باز نہیں آئے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان سے عفوودرگزر کا معاملہ فرمائے اور ان کے متعلقین کو صبر جمیل عطا کرے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جون ۱۹۸۸ء)
The set of formal legal institutions that collectively constitute a “government”or a “state” form the basis of what we call “Political System”. Democracy, one of the institutions withiun the present day political scenario, is a system of processing conflicts in which the outcomes depend on what the opinion of majority of the participants is. In such a process, no single force or group can control what occurs unless they can prove their majority. The primary problem with the world politics in today’s world is not much different to what it has been over the centuries - it is controlled by people who are generally incapable of envisioning a system of just government that could address the broader problems faced by humanity and that which could think beyond the immediate scene. Nothing about our world will change until we acknowledge this reality and that the quality of life depends on more than a mere establishment of rules by which to live and carry out commerce. It requires an understanding of the universal issues that are not yet considered as a part of the better human condition by most governments of our time. Politicians always have, focussed on the tangible issues of the physical social structure while being oblivious to the fact that such a framework can be no more useful in improving the human condition than is the altruistic value of the foundation on which it is built. In this paper, the existing democratic political system has been thoroughly analyzed in accordance with the seerah of our beloved messengerﷺ.
Grey langurs (Semnopithecus spp., Colobinae, Cercopithecidae, Primata, Mammalia) is a group of the old-world leaf eating monkeys widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent, with two species viz. Semnopithecus ajax and S. schistaceus reported from higher altitudes of the Himalayan hills extending into northern Pakistan. Species status of these populations is still debated, though S. ajax is regarded as Endangered globally. In Pakistan, small declining population of these grey langurs is distributed in pockets, but the level of isolation is still unknown. To resolve such uncertainties, the present study was undertaken to assess intrapopulation genetic diversity, and to settle taxonomic status of different populations, using modern molecular biology tools. We collected 86 noninvasive (feces 64, hair 13, blood 5, tissues 4) samples from 5 geographic langur populations of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and succeeded in extraction of DNA from 23 samples, which were used for further genetic analysis. We used nuclear (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-RAPD and microsatellites) and mitochondrial DNA (Cytochrome oxidase-I, Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA) markers. RAPD makers (n=8) produced 245 bands (30.62±2.87 mean±SE / primer) of different molecular weights (126-3342 bp), of which, 96 were population specific. Polymorphism was (37.71±5.29%; mean ± SE), with the highest in Muzaffarabad population (54.29%), followed by Poonch (43.67%) and Neelum (36.73%). Values of Shannon’s (I: 0.129-0.200) and Nei''s genetic diversity (He: 0.082-0.117) indices were low. Total heterozygosity (Ht: 0.144±0.007), genetic diversity within population (Hs: 0.096±0.005), between populations (Dst: 0.018±0.003), genetic differentiation constants among populations (Gst: 0.153±0.025) and within populations (Rst: 0.847±0.025) were calculated. Gene flow (Nm: 3.246 0.448) and genetic similarity (97-98%) between populations was high. UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) based dendrogram identified five distinct geographic groups, and Mantel tests (Rxy=-0.008, P>0.05) suggested a non-significant relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance. Phist (FPT) value suggested a significance difference within population and between populations (FPT=0.042; p=0.006) variances, suggesting that within populations variation was higher (96%) than variation between populations (4%). Microsatellite analysis, using 16 primers, exhibited successful cross-species amplification suggesting high discriminatory powers (PIC = 0.94±0.01). A total of 256 polymorphic bands comprising on 97 different sized (88-383 bp) alleles (2-10 alleles/marker) were amplified in different genotypes sampled. Mean level of polymorphism in different populations was 45±6.06%. Tests for linkage disequilibrium between different loci exhibited no significant deviations from expected values (p>0.05). Mean values of Shannon’s (0.357±0.05), Nei’s genetic diversity (0.241±0.03), fixation indices (-0.894±0.03), genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst: range = 0.223 - 0.898, mean = 0.438±0.097) and mean gene flow (1.185±0.374) were calculated. The largest Nei’s genetic distance (0.752) was between Mansehra and Neelum populations, while the least (0.255) between Mansehra and Kohistan populations. UPGMA based dendrogram identified two main clusters, Cluster one subdivided into Poonch population (as outgroup) and a monophyletic clade of Muzaffarabad and Neelum populations. Second cluster included Mansehra and Kohistan populations. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) also indicated three clusters: (1) AJK (Muzaffarabad-Neelum-Poonch), (2) Mansehra, and (3) Kohistan. The value of Rxy=0.302 (P<0.01) revealed a significant association between genetic distance and geographic distance. Phylogenetic analysis, based on different mitochondrial genes partial sequences (COI, Cyt b and rDNA), using Maximum likelihood, Neighbor-Joining, and Minimum Evolution methods, suggested close relationship of grey langurs of Pakistan with S. schistaceus and S. entellus populations from different regions of the Indian subcontinent. Estimated evolutionary divergence values showed a low genetic distance (<0.01) indicating that different populations belong to a single species. Analysis for species delimitation using 4×-rule or K/ϴ (D/ϴ) method also indicated status of a single species. Present study suggested a low level of isolation and inbreeding between grey langur populations of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. This study confirmed that Semnopithecus ajax is the only species found in different areas of Pakistan and AJK. Further molecular, as well as morphological, studies using larger sample size and analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences are suggested.