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On the Flow of Burgers Fluid Involving Non-Coaxial Rotations

Thesis Info

Author

Maira Anis Paracha

Department

Deptt. of Mathematics, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

Thu May 22 00:00:00 PKT 2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

73

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil MAT/585

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676716807714

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ہجرت مدینہ

ہجرت مدینہ
ہجرت مدینہ سے قبل کئی مسلمان اذیتوں اور تکلیفوں کے سبب حبشہ ہجرت کر چکے تھے۔وہاں بھی قریش نے پل بھر سکھ کا سانس نہ لینے دیا۔اپنا وفد بھیج کر شاہ حبش سے درخواست کی کہ انھیں اپنے ملک سے نکال دیں۔شاہ حبش نے درخواست مسترد ہی نہیں کی بل کہ مسلمانوں سے کہا کہ میرے ملک میں جہاں چاہو رہو۔اب ایک اور مقام کی طرف مسلمان بہ حکم رسولﷺ مدینہ ہجرت کرنے لگے۔ایک ایک دو دو موقع پاکر جانے لگے۔دوسری طرف قریش کے ظلم و ستم کی وارداتیں بڑھتی گئیں۔ طرح طرح کی اذیتیں دیں۔یہاں تک کہ قریشی بی بی کا شوہر جو غیر کفو ہوتا اس کی ہجرت کرنے کا پتہ چلتا‘پکڑ لاتے اور ظلم ڈھاتے نیز حفظ ما تقدم کے تحت اس کی بیوی کو ضمانت کے طور پر نظر بند کر دیتے۔بعض شوہروں کو ہجرت سے روکتے‘ نہ رکتے تو قید کر دیتے۔ مسلمان بچارے پٹتے تھے لیکن آہ و زاری نہیں کرتے تھے تکلیفیں سہتے مگر حر ف شکا یت زبان پر نہیں لاتے تھے جو جو ظلم کر سکتے تھے قریش نے روا رکھا لیکن ظالم کو کیا خبر کہ مظلوموں پر کیسی قیامت گزر رہی ہے ۔ ہر طرف دکھوں اور دردوں کے پہرے تھے پھر بھی وہ صبر کا پہاڑ تھے ڈٹے رہے اور زبان شکر گزاری کے ترانے الاپتی تھی ۔ خد اکا نام لینا جرم تھا ، نماز یا تلاوت قرآن کر نا موت کو دعوت دینا تھی ۔ آفات و آلام ان کے تعاقب میں تھے اور بقول انوری جو بلا آسمان سے آتی ہے انوری کے گھر کا پتہ پوچھتی ہے گویا رات کی سنگینی کا عالم یہ تھا کہ خود حضور ﷺ ( جن کی حفاظت کا ذمہ خود خدا نے لیا تھا ، خطرے سے باہر نہ تھے ۔غرض ہر ظلم...

Elimination of Poverty Through Islamic System of Sadaqaat: Research Study

Islam is a complete code of life. Economic teachings of Holy Qur’an and Hazrat Muhammadﷺ are comprehensive. Allah Almighty guides us how to spend money in His way. There are two types of Sadaqaat. Sadaqaat-e-Wajibah are compulsory on wealthy people with certain ratio while Sadaqaat-e-Nafilah are optional. Holy Prophetﷺ encouraged his followers to help the needy. Eradication of poverty is the main goal of Islamic system of Sadaqaat. In this research paper an analytical study is made to know how economic issues of the poor are addressed by Islamic economic system. There is dire need to understand different kinds of Sadaqaat. If the government and the public feel their responsibilities and follow Islam, poverty can be eliminated from society. This article addresses the problems of poverty. Moreover, it is also told how the poor should be looked after. Key words: Holy Qur’an, Holy Prophet ﷺ, Economy, Sadaqaat, Poverty.

Effect of Performance Appraisal Process on Employee Intentions and Behaviors: A Social Exchange Perspective

Performance appraisal is a management tool to assess employees’ performance. Various processes that organizations use to conduct performance appraisal are known as performance appraisal processes (PAP). As the key objective of performance appraisal is to measure employees’ task performance, most of the research on PAP concerns the effects of PAP on employees’ task performance. Research suggests that PAP is a socio-emotional process and may affect employees’ intentions and behaviors beyond their task performance. However, how PAP affects employees’ intentions and behaviors has received scarce research attention and hence need to be further investigated. Limited research that has studied the relationship between PAP and employees’ intentions and behaviors has largely ignored the processes and mechanisms that drive this relationship and the boundary conditions within which this relationship works. To address the highlighted issues, this study examined the direct effects of PAP on employees’ intentions and behaviors (i.e., Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Voice Behavior (VB), and Turnover Intentions (TOI)). Using social exchange theory as the theoretical framework, the study identified three mediators (i.e., psychological empowerment, organizational commitment, and job involvement) and four moderators (i.e., Leader Member Exchange (LMX), Perceived Organizational Support (POS), trust, and Perceived Fairness (PF)) of the relationship between PAP and employees’ intentions & behaviors. The study also developed hypotheses regarding how these mediators and moderators will affect this relationship. Using a quantitative approach based on cross sectional design employing multiple sources, the study empirically tested the direct, mediating and moderating hypotheses using the hierarchal regression and bootstrapping methods. Results based on triadic data from 250 employees, their immediate supervisors and representatives from their HR functions largely supported the hypotheses. The findings of this study suggested that PAP has significant positive effects on OCB, VB and significant negative effect on TOI. Moreover, both psychological empowerment and organizational commitment fully mediated by the relationships of PAP – OCB and PAP – VB and partially mediated by the relationship of PAP – TOI. Further, the relationships between PAP – OCB, PAP – VB, and PAP – TOI were moderated by LMX, Trust, and PF, however, POS only moderated the relationship between PAP and TOI. The study made significant contributions in organizational and behavioral science research. The study provided managerial insights about how to use PAP to positively affect employees’ intentions and behaviors (i.e. OCB, VB, & TOI). The study identified three intermediary mechanisms of the relationship between PAP and employee intentions & behaviors to show how this relationship works. Additionally, the study highlighted the important and critical role of four moderators to explain the varying effect of PAP on employee intentions and behaviors, hence showing when this relationship works and when it doesn’t work. Theoretical contributions, practical implications, study limitations and future research avenues were also discussed.