پروفیسر باور
پچھلے مارچ میں جرمنی کے ہالے یونیورسٹی کے علوم مشرقیہ کے پروفیسر باور کا انتقال ہوگیا، وہ لسانیات کے ماہر تھے، وہ یورپ کی تقریباً جملہ زبانوں کے جاننے کے علاوہ ساری سامی زبانوں سے واقف تھے اور تورانی زبانوں خصوصاً چینی زبان میں خاص مہارت رکھتے تھے۔ اس حیرت انگیز وسیع لسانیاتی واقفیت کے سبب سے وہ راس شمرہ کی کھدائیوں میں بعض نئے خطوں کے کتبوں کے برآمد ہونے پر ان کو حل کرسکے، ماسوف علیہ کو امام غزالی کی احیاء العلوم سے خاص دلچسپی تھی، اس کے متفرق ابواب کے ترجمے اکثر شائع کرایا کرتے تھے، اسلامی علم مرایا و مناظر پر بھی بعض اچھے مضمون لکھے تھے، انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام کے شریک ناشر بھی تھے اور فلک، حاء، حفص الفرد، وغیرہ عنوانوں پر اس میں مقالے لکھے تھے، ’’حرف تہجی کی ابتداء‘‘ پر ان کی ایک جرمن تالیف اس وقت مطبع میں ہے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۳۷ء)
The learning process in the Palu State Islamic Education Madrasah has run as it should, although in terms of strategies, methods, and learning media used varies according to the conditions, both the material and the condition of the students, and the ability of the teacher itself is different from one another. Blended learning based learning at the Palu Model State Islamic Education Madrasah is considered effective and efficient because teachers are not preoccupied with making material designs, simply accessing the internet is needed including practice in the form of videos so that it will facilitate teachers, both in terms of time, effort and cost. The challenge of blended learning is that teachers are required to be more creative and able to use internet networks. While the opportunity is the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri Model Palu already equipped with network facilities and infrastructure that can support blended learning.
Robust Control System Design for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems The work presented in this thesis is an endeavor to combine two nonlinear control frameworks in order to utilize the beneficial attributes of adaptive backstepping and sliding mode control or integral sliding mode control techniques. The adaptive backstepping method is capable of eliminating external disturbances and dynamically estimating the unknown parameters. This technique solves the problem of relative degree which is the main drawback of conventional sliding mode control method. It is also globally effective for the stability of the nonlinear control systems. The sliding mode control is another widely used method due to its robustness against matching uncertainties. The robustness of nonlinear system can be enhanced by adding an integral term with the sliding manifold of sliding mode control method. This attribute is achieved by eliminating the reaching phase of sliding mode control which makes it immune against fast parametric variations that occurs during reaching phase. On the basis of this synergy, new strategies have been proposed which are named as Adaptive Backstepping Higher Order Integral Sliding Mode Control (ABHOISMC), and Adaptive Backstepping Integral Sliding Mode Control (ABISMC), and based on our simulation studies, they are found to be more robust against both matching and mismatching uncertainties. During the implementation of newly proposed techniques, it is not necessary to transform the system into triangular form which is generally needed in the conventional backstepping procedure. The first proposed scheme, the ABISMC, is applied to control the parameters of continuous stirred tank regulator plant with its model expressed mathematically in a non-triangular form. The simulation results establish the efficacy of the proposed scheme. As a second example, the ABISMC is also applied for the tracking of the desired output in a field-controlled direct-current motor. The simulation results are found to be very convincing. Finally, the second proposal, the ABHOISMC, is applied on a theoretical plant expressed in a semi-strict feedback form; the resulting simulation findings substantiate our claims.