الأسس والقرائن المنهجية الحديثية لتحقق العلم بالخبر: دراسة استقرائية في مصادر المصطلح وأقوال النقّاد

        The research methodology represents a scientific feature that highlights its manifestations and its fruits according to the nature and results of the methodology; this shows the intellectual contribution and impact on the advancement of human civilization in the scientific field.  The methodology of Muhaddithin provided an innovative and practical approach about the certainty of narations which they had devised and applied.           The question is: what is the way to document the narrations? To answer this question needs to refer to the books of sciences of Hadith, and when looking at these books shows that they are addressing this issue under different topics.           But the knowledge of narrations in terms of the factors pertaining to certainty is not covered in special sub title, but there are hints scattered in different places in the books of sciences of Hadith. There is still a need to address the issue comprehensively in all aspects relating the factors of certainty, Hence the goal of the research from the next two points 1- Exploration the foundations and factors pertaining to the certainty about the narrations. 2- Highlight the methodological innovation according to Muhaddithin in this regard. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of Methodological Bases and warranting Circumstances for Sunnah Authentication.

What influences the decision to opt for entrepreneurship?

This thesis develops a preliminary profile for entrepreneurs in order to determine which factors influence the decision to opt for entrepreneurship, and whether they vary across selected countries. The model takes perceptual factors into account, in addition to the traditional demographic variables which dominate the literature. A pooled dataset of 69 countries - surveyed in 2010 and 2011 by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) — is utilized, with similar sets of economies classified as being either factor-driven, efficiency—driven or innovation—driven. The data is analyzed in several stages: first, a probit model is run on the entire dataset, referred to as the “global sample". Then, similar results are estimated on a sample consisting of observations from Pakistani respondents only, referred to as the "Pakistan sub-sample", and Bangladeshi respondents only , referred to as the “Bangladesh sub-sample". The results are also extended to the grouping of factor- driven economies - which are at similar stages of economic development — referred to as the "factor-driven sub-sample“. A comparative table juxtaposes choices concerning entrepreneurship in Pakistan, neighboring Bangladesh, factor-driven economies and the world in general. The results indicate that, globally, there is a quadratic (non-linear) relationship between age and entrepreneurial inclination, women are on average less likely to pursue entrepreneurship than men, and individuals who are already doing paid work are likelier candidates to turn entrepreneur. Among the perceptual variables, three variables — opportunity awareness. personally knowing an entrepreneur, and self-confidence in one‘s own knowledge, skills and abilities — increase the likelihood of a person turning entrepreneur, whereas the fear of failure reduces this probability. By comparison, for Pakistan, factors like age and gender have less importance, whereas perceptual variables like personally knowing an entrepreneur and self-confidence are correlated with the decision to pursue entrepreneurship