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Sheikh Mujib-Ur-Rehman and the Separation of East Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Malik Ahmad Raza

Department

National Institute of Pakistan Studies, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1997

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

ii,159

Subject

Pakistan Studies

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil PAK/103

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676716827527

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پرنس نجم الدین

پرنس نجم الدین
پرنس نجم الدین کی وفات کا حادثہ اتنا الم ناک اورصدمہ انگیز ہے کہ ہمیں اس کے دوررس اثرات کے تصور ہی سے وحشت ہورہی ہے ان جیسا دردمند مسلمان، ان جیسا عالم وفاضل اورذہین شخص،ان جیسا سوشل ریفارمر،ان جیسا ماہر تعلیم اوران جیسا اعلیٰ دماغ منتظم ایک مدت سے مسلمانوں میں کوئی دوسرا نہیں تھا ،کہنے کو وہ بوہرہ فرقہ کے مسلمانوں کے روحانی پیشواؤں کے خاندان کے اہم ترین فرد تھے لیکن حقیقتاً ان کے فکر ونظر کی اڑان آفاقی تھی۔جہاں کہیں مسلمانوں کی صف میں کسی بدنظمی کے آثار ظاہر ہوتے،جہاں کہیں کسی مسلم تحریک کو مشکل درپیش ہوتی،جہاں کہیں کسی مسلم ادارہ کورہنمائی، تعاون اورمدد کی ضرورت ہوتی، ان کا دل دردمندی اوربے قراری کی شدت سے دھڑکنے لگتا اوروہ پوری توجہ اور فراخ دلی کے ساتھ اس کی طرف متوجہ ہوتے۔کتنے مسلم رہنماؤں نے ان کی دل سوزی اورہمدردی سے فیض اٹھایا،کتنے اداروں نے ان کی فیاضی اور سیر چشمی سے استحکام حاصل کیا،کتنی تحریکوں نے ان کے تعاون اورخاموش امداد سے قوت اور حوصلہ پایا۔کتنے صاحب علم وفن ان کی قدردانی اورسرپرستی سے سیراب اور فیض یاب ہوئے ان کی لامتناہی اورطویل داستان، اب ان ہی کے ساتھ خاموش ہوگئی۔
وہ مسلمانوں کی فلاحی تحریکوں کے روح رواں آدھی صدی سے زیادہ عرصے تک بنے رہے لیکن ان کی سمندروں جیسی گہرائی،ان کی فطرت کاخاموش جوہر، ان کی منکسرمزاجی نے کبھی بھی اپنے کوکھولنے اورواشگاف کرنے کے سطحی انداز کے قریب نہیں آنے دیا۔مسلمانوں کی ملّی سرگرمیوں کی سرزمین پران کا وجود سورج کی طرح تھا، جس کی کرنوں کا فیض خاص وعام کے امتیاز اورفرق کے بغیر ہرایک کے لیے دستیاب تھا۔
وہ بوہرہ فرقہ کی فلاحی اورجماعتی سرگرمیوں کاایک ایسا محور تھے کہ بلاشبہ اس کے معاشی،علمی، دینی اور سماجی امنگوں کے سارے سوتے ان...

فقہ اسلامی میں قسامت کا تصور

Islam lays great emphasis on security and the sanctity of human life. The holy Quran terms killing of an innocent person as killing of the whole humanity. It prohibits unjust killing of human being in unequivocal terms. The holy Qur’an and Sunnah terms killing of an innocent person as one of the greatest sins. An eternal torment is the destiny of a killer who takes life of a person unjustly. However, it is also a bitter fact that hardly   a crime free society could be found   anywhere in the world. Peace prevails only in those societies where culprits are brought to justice. This is why Islamic penal code has prescribed punishments for all kinds of crimes. It has prescribed punishment of Qisâs in case of intentional murder and Diyat (blood money in case of killing of a person by mistake, it is also due in case if remission is made by the heirs in intentional murder case). To prove the crime of murder, testimony of two reliable witnesses or confession of the killer is required before the court. However, if a corpse is found in a place where killer is unknown and witnesses are unavailable,    then Islam enjoins the process of Qasâmah to safeguard rights of the heirs of the deceased. Qasâmah is a process of taking oath by fifty persons selected by the heirs of the slain. In this article the concept of Qasâmah has been elaborated. It  has three parts , in the  first part conditions for the validity of  Qasâmah has been elaborated, while in the second part its process has been discussed with elaborate opinions  of jurists  regarding taking of  oath, as some of them opine that  the  heirs of the slain  have to take oath, mentioning name of the killer,   while others say  oath will be taken by the defendants that they  didn’t kill him, Both these opinions  have been discussed by producing arguments of  the both sides. While in the third part the issue of Qisâs and Diyat has been discussed as according to some jurists the Qasâmah entails Qisâs while other say that it entails Diyat only; arguments of both sides have been discussed in detail.

Study of Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase Ii and Dpp-Iv As Possible Targets of Drug Discovery

Research on enzyme inhibitors has an enormous potential to introduce new drug candidates against enzyme related diseases. Keeping this in view, present study was designed to identify natural and synthetic compounds as leads against two clinically important enzymes, carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) have pathological roles in the emergence of number of diseases, particularly glaucoma and diabetes, respectively. The results of the study are summarized below: PART A CA-II is an important enzyme for many physiological processes. Inhibitors of CA-II are used for the treatment of many diseases, such as epilepsy, mountain sickness, and glaucoma. During this study, over 350 fully characterized compounds were evaluated against BCA-II enzyme. Out of which 58 compounds showed a good inhibitory activity. Among these compounds, bisindoles and thiourea derivatives of bisindolyl showed the most significant activity with IC50 values in the range of 14.4 – 70.36 μM. To study the mechanism of action of inhibitors, most active inhibitors of these classes were further subjected to kinetic studies. Inhibition constants and type of inhibition were deduced by using Lineweaver-Burk plot, secondary re-plot of Lineweaver-Burk plot, and Dixon plot. Inhibition type and dissociation constants were deduced by Lineweaver-Burk plot, secondary re-plot, and Dixon plot. Bisindole derivatives, such as 23 (N-(4-(bis(5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide), 28 (N-(4-(bis(5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)-3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide), and 38 (N-(4- (bis(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide) showed a significant inhibition of enzyme CA-II (IC50 = 15.6 – 28.86 μM). To assess their safety profile, cytotoxic studies were conducted on mouse fibroblast cell line (3T3). Fortunately some of the good active compounds were found non-cytotoxic, and thus can serve as leads for further studies on CA inhibitor drug design and development. PART B Epidemic prevalence of diabetes at national and global level emphasizes the need of urgent therapeutic intervention. In the second part of our work, we targeted an important enzyme of incretin pathway, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Inhibitors of DPP-IV occupy center stage in the current anti-diabetic drug market. We screened over 1,800 fully characterized natural and synthetic compounds, through a mechanism-based colorimetric assay. This led to the identification of 87 new inhibitors. Significant inhibition was shown by the compounds of semicarbazones, thiosemicarbazone, benzophenone Schiff bases classes, and gold complexes. New inhibitors, identified through initial screening, were further subjected to mechanism-based kinetic studies. Lineweaver-Burk plot, secondary re-plot of Lineweaver-Burk plot, and Dixon plots were constructed to determine the type of inhibition, inhibition constant, and other kinetic parameters. Cytotoxic studies of active compounds were also conducted on mouse fibroblast cell line (3T3). Some potent inhibitors were also subjected to in situ DPP-IV inhibition assay by using Caco-2 cellular model. Synthetic compounds of different classes and Gold complexes were found to be active. Compounds (R)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo [d] imidazo[2,1-b] thiazole gold (I) triphenylphosphine tetrafluoro borate (204), (S)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazo [2,1-b]thiazole gold (I) triphenylphosphine tetrafluoro borate (207), and (S)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d] imidazo [2,1-b] thiazole gold (I) chloride (209) were identified as most potent inhibitors with IC50 values in the range of 22.0 – 35.6 μM. Earlier studies on DPP-IV inhibitors were restricted to selected number of compounds with limited structural variations. Present study presents comprehensive screening of different classes of synthetic compounds for the discovery of new inhibitors of DPP-IV. This is a cost effective, easy, reliable, and fast approach for the discovery of new drug candidates.