Congenital Heart Disease: Causes and Risk Factors Congenital Heart Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) is a multifactorial disorder based on both genetic and environmental factors involved in development. The basic problem lies in the structure of heart leading to CHD that occurs in walls, valves, arteries and veins of heart. During cell cycle, the gene that controls this process may mutate, causing disturbance in any portion of heart leading to disturbed blood flow, blood flow in wrong direction or complete blockage. Defect may range from simple with no manifestations to complex with severe symptoms. Simple defects need no treatment while some babies with complex birth defects during birth require special care, vaccination, medication or otherwise treated with surgery. The incidence of CHD has declined from 80 to 20% due to progress in heart surgery techniques, medical treatment and interventional cardiology. Various genetic and non-genetic increase the susceptibility for CHD. The diagnosis and treatment of CHD has greatly improved in recent years. Almost all the children with CHD survive to adulthood and spend healthy and active lives after being treated.

A Study of the Relationship Between School Principals Leadership Styles and Teachers Organizational Commitment Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Support.

This current research study was designed to study relationship between principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ organizational commitment with moderating role of emotional intelligence and perceived organizational support. This research study was conducted in three districts of Southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. All principals and teachers in public sector schools and private sector school were taken as population of the study. However, 150 principals and 600 teachers were selected as sample size. Convenient and random sampling technique was used. Standardized research instruments were used for data collection. Total 8 null hypotheses were formulated. Correlation coefficient, regression analysis, mean score comparison and t-test were used. Only one hypothesis was accepted and 7 hypotheses were rejected. Significant relationship was found between principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ organizational commitment. Significant difference was found between public school principals and private school principals regarding dominant leadership style. Public school principals were inclined to democratic leadership style while private school principals were inclined to autocratic leadership style. Teachers of public school were more committed to profession and to institution while private school teachers were more committed to teaching. Significant relationship was determined between principals’ leadership styles and emotional intelligence. It was also found that public school teachers received more support from principal and from other colleagues than private school teachers. Result declared that principals’ emotional intelligence significantly and positively moderate relationship between principals leadership styles and teachers’ organizational commitment. It was also concluded from result that organizational support significantly and positively moderate relationship between principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ organizational commitment at secondary school level.