Perilaku Petani dalam Menghadapi Fluktuasi Harga Sawit Menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

The frequently fluctuating price of palm oil causes palm oil farmers in Tanjung Kudu, Kualu Village, to take action to overcome their family's economic problems as a result of prices fluctuating drastically. The aim of this research is to determine the behavior of oil palm farmers in facing price fluctuations and to determine the Islamic economics review of the behavior of oil palm farmers in facing price fluctuations in Tanjung Kudu, Kualu Village. This research is field research located in Tanjung Kudu, Kualu Village. The informants in this research were 10 oil palm farmers with the criteria being farmers who had a plantation area of more than 2 hectares and had worked for a minimum of 5 years. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis is descriptive qualitative. It was found that oil palm farmers carry out various kinds of behavior to increase family income, such as working side jobs, becoming farm laborers, construction workers, traders, and others. Some of the oil palm farmers' wives also help in increasing the family's income by opening small businesses such as opening a breakfast business, a daily shop business, and a laundry business. The behavior of oil palm farmers in facing price fluctuations applies the principle of honesty, always trying to earn a living, not being discouraged, never giving up, being responsible for family needs, and not being lazy in working.  

Humanism in Pakistani Novel in English form 1985 to the Present

The study was designed to find out whether or not the Pakistani English novelists have incorporated: Secular, Marxist and Religious categories of Humanism in addition to Human Rights in the themes of their novels, in the context of social political, religious and economic conditions prevailing in Pakistani society. The research questions formulated to achieve these objectives of the study were: what is the extent to which Secular Humanism appears in Pakistani English Novel, have Pakistani English novelists succeeded to incorporate Marxist Humanism in their novels, does Religious Humanism figure in Pakistani English Novel, and are Pakistani English novelists successful in creating the awareness of Human Rights? Population of the study was all the novels written in English by Pakistani English novelists and first time published from 1985 to the present (2005). Sample was taken randomly for the study which comprised 11 novels. The categories of Humanism namely Secular Humanism, Marxist Humanism, Religious Humanism, and Human Rights were defined in the light of available literature about the movement of Humanism, and the operational definitions were developed for the study. The novels, randomly chosen as the sample for the study, were analyzed by using, 'Qualitative Content Analysis Technique'. The contents of each novel were analyzed paragraph wise, on the basis of the operational definitions of the categories along with their themes. The data analysis reveals that Pakistani English novelists are not only well aware of the different aspects and facets of the movement of Humanism but also incorporate these concepts in their stories. Humanism, which is 'Human-being-ism', is that wave of conscience and realization which gives birth to such arts and literature that instil courage and confidence in the human beings to face and defeat not only helplessness but also show them the path of social, political and economic liberties. Pakistani English novelists are well aware of their responsibilities and duties as citizens. They are on the way to perform their role effectively in the establishment of a better human society in Pakistan at the creative level.