نظرة الكونفوشيوسية إلى الكون والإنسان

Confucius was born on September 28, 551BC. He was a teacher, writer, politician, philosopher and ideologue of the ancient China. The philosophy of Confucius emphasizes personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. He championed strong family loyalty and ancestor worship. He also recommended family as a basis for an ideal government. His thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism. Confucius' principles found the basis of the common Chinese traditions, beliefs and culture. Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, but the arguments continue over whether it is a religion or not. The opponents argue that its values are secular, therefore, it is not a religion, while its supporters argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism, it is based on a worldview that is religious, and, thus, can rightly be called a religion. Confucianism discusses elements of the afterlife and views concerning Heaven, but it is relatively unconcerned with some transcendental matters, often considered essential to a religious thought. This article provides an outlook of the Confucianism regarding the universe and the humanity and its comparison with the Islamic viewpoint of the same.

Right of Religious Freedom in Shariah and Law: A Case Study of Pakistan

The question of religious freedom and human rights has always been a corner stone of wide ranging discussions and an issue of immense importance in 20th century .Once viewed in overall realm of history, it predominantly figures out that issue offreedom of religion and worship always remained universal, self evident and inalienable. Notwithstanding the upheavals of civilizations liberty and choice of religion and dogmas perpetually remained consistent and irrevocable. Nature conferred liberty leaving at the absolute discretion of human beings to decide the discourse of life they wish to adopt. As a consequence of relentless and undaunted struggle by the flag bearers of human Rights, the right of freedom of religion is universally acclaimed through various international Conventions and Charters. Practicing a particular religion and worshipping God of own choice without any impediment is deemed an inalienable right of every human being. However in stark contrast to internationally accepted norms and principles, flagrant infringement to this unquestionable right in some of the intolerant civilizations and states portrays a disgusting picture. Believably lack of tolerance stems out of rigidity, myopic mindedness, and stagnancy. Those societies which do not let vent in the fresh ideas and appreciate divergent thoughts consequently plunge into deep ignominy of ignorance and darkness. As history bears testimony to the fact that unrelenting fanaticism and prejudices prevalent in various systems of mythologies, schools of thoughts and religions commonly stems out of intolerance and outright stubbornness subsequently leading to indiscriminate persecution and ultimate destruction of societies. Glaring examples of current history are State of India and Burma, where people are being indiscriminately persecuted purely due to divergence of faith. In sharp contrast to the intolerance, it is an irrefutable fact that Islam and its laws are pluralistic and coexistent. It fervently supports the freedom of religion, beliefs and diversifying theological systems. In an Islamic society, the life, property and honour of a Covenant holder (Dhimmi) is fully protected and respected exactly like that of a Muslim. Covenant holders (Dhimmis) will have full freedom of conscience and belief and will be at an absolute liberty to perform their religious rites and ceremonies in their own way. Truly, Islam and equity are synonymous to each other as indicative of the spirit, which it echoes, when even a non Muslim could not only conceptualizeits own ideas and beliefs but is fully permitted to positively advance dissenting ideas with decency and while remaining within the precincts of morality. The notion being perpetrated against Islam that it advocates extermination of every non Muslim from the surface of earth is nefariously aimed at tarnishing the true image of most benevolent and humane religion of Islam. Citing the precedent set forth in Pakistan, it is an undeniable fact that Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan explicitly recognizes the rights of Religious Minorities, while fully guaranteeing them the freedom of belief and faith, protecting and maintaining their places of worship and religious institutions. In consonance of various Constitutional Articles there shall be no discrimination (irrespective of being Muslim or non Muslim) on the grounds of race, religion, caste, sex etc. State shall be bound to safeguard their legitimate rights and their representation in Federal and Provincial legislative bodies. There is no, however, denying the fact that quite frequently grievances against the Misuse of Blasphemy Laws come to surface thereby Minorities misconstrue to be marginalized by the predominant Muslim Population. Going deep down to the problem, it appears to be a misperception. Both, state and saner elements of the society, firmly believe in equitable and just treatment to be meted out to Minorities and no discrimination and misuse under the garb of Blasphemy law is ever permitted. In an attempt to unleash negative propaganda against Muslims and Islam vociferous voices to repeal the Blasphemy Laws are raised which is totally irrational, illogical and unacceptable to majority Muslim Population. The contention against discriminate use of law is the utmost responsibility of state to effectively put in force the criminal justice system to obviate the chances of injustice and abuse of law. This has very rightly been pointed out and enforced by the superior judiciary through their various unambiguous, binding and authoritative judgments.