Development of Kabul under Mughals 1504-1738 AD

Kabul was a bridge between Indian Mughal Empire and Central Asia, the ancestral homeland of the founder of the Mughal Empire. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, carries about 3,500 years old historical records mentioning Kabul with different names like, Kubha, Gandahara, Kabura, Ortospana, Kapul, Zavul, and Zabul etc. Many great warriors and conquerors from Central Asia used Kabul as their route to India. It was also known as a gateway to India and Central Asia. Kabul became the foundation stone for the Mughal Empire in India. During the Mughal era Kabul entered into a new phase and with the invasion of Babur the area got the position of the capital of the Mughals. The early Mughal rulers paid much attention to the affairs of Kabul, because their existence to a greater extent was dependent on their strong hold over Kabul. The research work is focused on development of Kabul under Mughal kings particularly Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.  The later Mughal kings after Aurangzeb were not able to end political disturbances in Kabul which not only displeased the people of Kabul but also encouraged the neighbouring powers to invade the valley. Historical and analytical methods are used in this research and Pashtu, Dari, Urdu and English sources have been utilized to gauge development of Kabul during that point in time. No research work has been carried out on this aspect of Kabul so far. The analysis of the development of Kabul under Mughals brings to limelight the geostrategic and politico-economic worth of Kabul as an important Caravanserai on the trade route between Central and South Asia.

Numerical Study of Some Mhd Flow Problems of Micropolar Fluids

This thesis aims at presenting the numerical study of some flow problems related to the micropolar fluids in various geometries including the channel with stretching/shrinking walls, stretching cylinder, and the vertical square duct. The problems may be categorized as the self-similar flows and the ones for which similarity solutions are not existent. For the self-problems, the powerful tool of similarity transformation is an obvious choice which converts the governing partial differential equations into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which are either of third or fourth order. For the third order ODEs, order-reduction technique has been an excellent choice, whereas the ones of the fourth order are solved by employing the Differential Transform Method (DTM) and the Quasi-linearization approach. For the non self-similar problems, three step explicit Runge-Kutta method has been employed for the numerical investigation of the unsteady pulsatile flow in a horizontal channel, whereas a compact finite difference scheme is developed to study the hydro-dynamically as well as thermally developed flow in a vertical duct. The micropolar fluid model proposed by Eringen has been employed in all the investigations. Through tables and figures, effects of the governing parameters on the flow, microrotation and thermal aspects of the problems are discussed.